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    A new integrated liquid-crystal phase modulator for visible light was developed. This compact, low-power device enables efficient phase modulation in silicon nitride waveguides, paving the way for advanced integrated systems.

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    Area of Science:

    • Photonics and Optical Engineering
    • Materials Science
    • Integrated Optics

    Background:

    • Integrated photonics often requires efficient phase modulation for various applications.
    • Silicon nitride (SiN) platforms offer excellent optical properties but face challenges in active modulation.
    • Liquid crystals (LCs) provide tunable optical properties via birefringence.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and demonstrate an integrated liquid-crystal-based phase modulator operating at visible wavelengths.
    • To leverage LC birefringence for active tuning of effective refractive index in SiN waveguides.
    • To create a compact and low-power solution for integrated phase modulation.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of a visible-light silicon nitride (SiN) 300-mm-wafer foundry platform.
    • Integration of a liquid crystal (LC) layer with the SiN waveguide structure.
    • Experimental characterization of the phase modulation performance.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved a 41π phase shift with a low driving voltage (4.8 Vpp) over a 500-µm modulator length.
    • Demonstrated the potential for a 2π phase shifter as short as 24.4 µm.
    • Validated the effectiveness of LC birefringence for active index tuning in SiN waveguides.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed integrated LC phase modulator is a compact and low-power solution for visible light applications.
    • This technology overcomes limitations in active modulation for SiN integrated photonics.
    • It enables the development of future low-power, small-form-factor integrated optical systems at visible wavelengths.