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Related Concept Videos

Design Example01:23

Design Example

376
The innovation of touch-tone telephony revolutionized the telecommunications industry by replacing the traditional rotary dial with a dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) signaling system. This system uses a matrix-style keypad with buttons arranged in four rows and three columns, creating 12 distinct signals each assigned to a pair of frequencies. Each button press results in a simultaneous generation of two sinusoidal tones – one from a low-frequency group (697 to 941 Hz) and one from a...
376
Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lead Control01:24

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of Phase-lead Control

144
Phase-lead controllers are commonly used in various control systems to enhance response speed and stability. Adjusting the brightness on a television screen offers a practical example of phase-lead control. When contrast is enhanced, a phase-lead controller is employed. Mathematically, phase-lead control is identified when the first parameter is smaller than the second.
The design of phase-lead control involves the strategic placement of poles and zeros to balance steady-state error and system...
144
Upsampling01:22

Upsampling

334
Managing signal sampling rates is essential in digital signal processing to maintain signal integrity. A decimated signal, characterized by a reduced frequency range due to its lower sampling rate, can be upsampled by inserting zeros between each sample. This upsampling process expands the original spectrum and introduces repeated spectral replicas at intervals dictated by the new Nyquist frequency. To refine this zero-inserted sequence, it is passed through a lowpass filter with a cutoff...
334
Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers01:22

Phase-lead and Phase-lag Controllers

234
Understanding the working function of different types of controllers can be illustrated with practical analogies, such as adjusting a stereo's volume equalizer. Cranking up the bass involves a phase-lead controller, which functions as a high-pass filter, while increasing the treble uses a phase-lag controller, which acts as a low-pass filter. PD controllers, similar to high-pass filters, enhance the system's response to high-frequency components. PI controllers, akin to low-pass...
234
Pilot and Numeric Relaying01:21

Pilot and Numeric Relaying

145
Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
145
Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of PI Control01:27

Time and frequency -Domain Interpretation of PI Control

209
Proportional-Integral (PI) controllers are essential in many control systems to improve stability and performance. They are commonly used in everyday devices like thermostats to enhance system damping and reduce steady-state error. When the zero in the controller's transfer function is optimally placed, the system benefits significantly in terms of stability and accuracy.
Acting as a low-pass filter, the PI controller slows the system's response and extends settling times. This requires...
209

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 25, 2025

Quasi-light Storage for Optical Data Packets
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DNN-assisted phase distance tuned PSK modulation for PAM4-to-QPSK format conversion gateway node.

Takahiro Kodama, Toshiaki Koike-Akino, Keisuke Kojima

    Optics Express
    |April 27, 2022
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    Summary

    This study introduces an optical gateway for converting pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) to phase shift keying (PSK) signals. This innovation enhances data transmission in heterogeneous networks by optimizing phase distance and utilizing deep learning for improved performance.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optical communications
    • Signal processing
    • Machine learning

    Background:

    • Heterogeneous networks require flexible signal format conversion.
    • Traditional optical-electrical-optical conversion is inefficient.
    • Direct intensity-to-phase mapping faces challenges like phase noise distortion.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose an optical gateway for direct PAM to PSK conversion.
    • To enable flexible intensity-to-phase mapping in optical networks.
    • To mitigate phase noise distortion and maximize achievable information rates.

    Main Methods:

    • Development of an optical gateway for PAM to PSK conversion.
    • Implementation of a proof-of-principle experiment.
    • Utilizing deep learning-based decision algorithms at the receiver for signal recovery.
    • Optimizing phase distance for PSK signals.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated successful optical conversion from PAM to PSK signals.
    • Identified non-uniform irregular phase noise distortion in optically converted PSK signals.
    • Achieved a performance improvement of approximately 4 dB gain in generalized mutual information.
    • Validated the effectiveness of deep learning-based recovery for phase distance-tuned PSK signals.

    Conclusions:

    • The proposed optical gateway effectively converts PAM to PSK signals without O-E-O conversion.
    • Optimized phase distance and deep learning recovery significantly enhance PSK signal performance.
    • This approach offers a promising solution for efficient data transmission in future optical networks.