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Related Concept Videos

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model01:15

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model

1.0K
Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...
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Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model01:09

Theories of Dissolution: The Danckwerts' Model and Interfacial Barrier Model

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Various dissolution theories provide insight into the factors that influence the dissolution rate. Danckwerts' Model suggests that turbulence, rather than a stagnant layer, characterizes the dissolution medium at the solid-liquid interface. In this model, the agitated solvent contains macroscopic packets that move to the interface via eddy currents, facilitating the absorption and delivery of the drug to the bulk solution. The regular replenishment of solvent packets maintains the...
475
Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Drug Dissolution01:27

Factors Influencing Drug Absorption: Drug Dissolution

749
The pharmacokinetic journey of drugs from solid oral dosage forms into systemic circulation is multifaceted. It begins with disintegration, a prerequisite ensuring a solid dosage form's subdivision into minute particles. Dissolution occurs next as these granulated entities solubilize in gastrointestinal fluids. This solubilization is crucial for the succeeding stage, permeation, which describes the traversal of the drug across the intestinal membrane and its subsequent entry into the blood...
749
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area01:23

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Particle Size and Effective Surface Area

1.1K
Dissolution kinetics, an essential aspect of oral drug delivery, is significantly influenced by the drug's particle size. According to the Noyes-Whitney dissolution model, the dissolution rate correlates directly with the drug's surface area. The larger the surface area, the higher the drug's solubility in water, leading to a faster drug dissolution rate. Reducing particle size increases the effective surface area, enhancing the dissolution process. Micronization and nanosizing are...
1.1K
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry01:20

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Drug Permeability, Stability and Stereochemistry

275
Orally administered drugs primarily enter the systemic circulation via passive diffusion through the intestinal membranes. The drug's absorption is influenced by drug stability in the gastrointestinal GI tract, membrane permeability, the surface area available for absorption, luminal drug concentration, and residence time in the lumen. Drug permeability can be enhanced by adjusting the lipophilicity, polarity, or molecular size of the drug, promoting its passive transport across intestinal...
275
Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism01:21

Factors Affecting Dissolution: Polymorphism, Amorphism and Pseudopolymorphism

411
Polymorphism refers to the existence of a drug substance in multiple crystalline forms, known as polymorphs. Recently, this term has been expanded to include solvates (forms containing a solvent), amorphous forms (non-crystalline forms), and desolvated solvates (forms from which the solvent has been removed).
Some polymorphic crystals possess lower aqueous solubility than their amorphous counterparts, leading to incomplete absorption. For instance, the oral suspension of Chloramphenicol, which...
411

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 25, 2025

Coherent anti-Stokes Raman Scattering CARS Microscopy Visualizes Pharmaceutical Tablets During Dissolution
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Coherent anti-Stokes Raman Scattering CARS Microscopy Visualizes Pharmaceutical Tablets During Dissolution

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Modeling Drug Dissolution in 3-Dimensional Space.

Chi So1, Po-Chang Chiang1, Chen Mao2

  • 1Small Molecule Pharmaceutical Sciences, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA.

Pharmaceutical Research
|April 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new 3D mathematical model accurately describes drug particle dissolution, outperforming classic 1D models. This advanced approach provides more reliable dissolution rate predictions for pharmaceutical development.

Keywords:
Fick’s law of diffusionNernst-Brunner equationNoyes-Whitney equationdiffusiondrug dissolutionmathematical modeling

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmaceutical Sciences
  • Physical Chemistry
  • Mathematical Modeling

Background:

  • Classic drug dissolution models, such as the Nernst-Brunner formalism, are based on simplified one-dimensional (1D) assumptions.
  • These 1D models may not fully capture the complex reality of drug particle dissolution in three-dimensional (3D) space.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and experimentally validate a novel 3D mathematical model for drug particle dissolution.
  • To highlight the limitations of the traditional 1D Nernst-Brunner model in dissolution modeling.
  • To provide a more accurate representation of dissolution processes.

Main Methods:

  • Derived a 3D dissolution model by treating particle dissolution as a diffusion-driven process.
  • Solved Fick's 2nd law of diffusion in spherical coordinates using numerical methods.
  • Experimentally verified the model using polarized light microscopy and image segmentation of succinic acid particles in water.

Main Results:

  • Developed working equations for 3D drug particle dissolution.
  • Achieved good agreement between predicted and experimental dissolution times and profiles.
  • Demonstrated that the concentration gradient in 3D is hyperbolic, not constant, and can be higher at the particle surface than predicted by 1D models.

Conclusions:

  • Classic 1D dissolution models may underestimate drug dissolution rates.
  • 3D dissolution modeling offers more reliable and accurate results.
  • Further development of comprehensive 3D models, including polydispersity and dynamic diffusion layers, is warranted.