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Related Concept Videos

Water and Mineral Acquisition02:34

Water and Mineral Acquisition

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Specialized tissues in plant roots have evolved to capture water, minerals, and some ions from the soil. Roots exhibit a variety of branching patterns that facilitate this process. The outermost root cells have specialized structures called root hairs that increase the root surface, thus increasing soil contact. Water can passively cross into roots, as the concentration of water in the soil is higher than that of the root tissue. Minerals, in contrast, are actively transported into root cells.
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The Apoplast and Symplast01:46

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Plant growth depends on its ability to take up water and dissolved minerals from the soil. The root system of every plant is equipped with the necessary tissues to facilitate the entry of water and solutes. The plant tissues involved in the transport of water and minerals have two major compartments - the apoplast and the symplast. The apoplast includes everything outside the plasma membrane of living cells and consists of cell walls, extracellular spaces, xylem, phloem, and tracheids. The...
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Short-distance Transport of Resources02:12

Short-distance Transport of Resources

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Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
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Protein Transport to the Inner Chloroplast Membrane01:18

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Proteins targeted to the inner chloroplast membrane, or plastid proteins, are transported by two general pathways: the stop-transfer and the re-insertion or post-import pathways. Most plastid proteins carry N-terminal transit sequences and internal import sequences targeting it to the specific chloroplast subcompartment. Proteins targeted by the stop-transfer pathway have internal hydrophobic sequences that inhibit their translocation into the stroma. As a result, these precursors are arrested...
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Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane01:11

Protein Transport to the Outer Chloroplast Membrane

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Chloroplast outer membrane proteins encoded by the nucleus are synthesized in the cytosol. Soon after synthesis, they bind cytosolic factors such as 14-3-3 protein and the Hsp70 chaperones that keep these precursors in an unfolded state until their translocation.
Two models describe the mechanism of precursor recognition and entry across the outer membrane through the TOC complex. Model 1 suggests the newly synthesized precursor binds to the TOC receptor 159 and forms a complex.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 25, 2025

Investigating Long-Distance Transport of Perfluoroalkyl Acids in Wheat via a Split-Root Exposure Technique
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Cellular Process of Polystyrene Nanoparticles Entry into Wheat Roots.

Jiahui Zhu1,2, Jia Wang1, Ruonan Chen1

  • 1College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210095, People's Republic of China.

Environmental Science & Technology
|April 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Small polystyrene nanoparticles (PS NPs) are more readily absorbed by wheat roots and cells than larger ones. Surface functional groups also influence uptake, but size is the primary factor determining nanoplastic translocation in plants.

Keywords:
callus cellinternalizationpolystyrene nanoparticlesprotoplast cellwheat root

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Plant Biology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Nanoscale plastic particles (nanoplastics) are prevalent environmental contaminants.
  • Understanding nanoplastic behavior in plants is crucial for ecological and food safety assessments.
  • Limited knowledge exists on nanoplastic translocation and accumulation mechanisms within plant tissues and cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the internalization of polystyrene nanoparticles (PS NPs) in wheat roots and cells.
  • To determine the influence of PS NP size and surface functional groups (amino and carboxy) on plant uptake.
  • To elucidate the mechanisms controlling nanoplastic translocation at the tissue and cellular levels.

Main Methods:

  • Wheat roots and cells were exposed to 20 mg L-1 polystyrene nanoparticles (PS NPs) of varying sizes and surface chemistries.
  • Uptake was quantified in root tissues and individual plant cells.
  • The roles of the cell wall and cell membrane in NP internalization were assessed.

Main Results:

  • Smaller PS NPs showed significantly higher uptake in wheat root tissues and cells compared to larger ones.
  • The cell wall acted as a barrier to large-size PS NP entry, while the cell membrane did not.
  • Amino (-NH2) functional groups enhanced PS NP translocation more than carboxy (-COOH) groups.
  • No PS NPs were detected in the vascular cylinder of the roots.

Conclusions:

  • Nanoplastic internalization in plants is governed by both particle size and surface functional groups, with size being the dominant factor.
  • These findings provide critical insights into nanoplastic-plant interactions at the cellular level.
  • The study highlights potential risks of nanoplastics to agricultural sustainability and food safety.