Choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents as effective electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells

Electrolytes for dye-sensitized solar cells remain a challenge for large-scale production and commercialization, hindering the wide application of solar cells. We have developed two new electrolyte-based deep eutectic solvents using a mixture of choline chloride with urea and with ethylene glycol for dye-sensitized solar cells. The prominent features of the two deep eutectic solvent electrolytes are simple preparation for large-scale production with inexpensive, available, and nontoxic starting materials and biodegradability. The solar cell devices proceeded in a safe manner as the two deep eutectic solvents afforded low-cost technology and comparative conversion efficiency to a popular ionic liquid, namely 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetracyanoborate. Results showed that devices with choline chloride and urea electrolyte exhibited improved open circuit voltage values (V _OC), while the ones with choline chloride and ethylene glycol showed an increase in the short circuit current (I _sc). Characterization of the devices by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy helped explain the effects of their molecular structures on the enhancement of either V _OC or I _sc values. These new solvents expand the electrolyte choices for designing dye-sensitized solar cells, especially for the purpose of using low-cost and eco-friendly materials for massive production.