Image contrast and pulse sequences in urinary tract magnetic resonance imaging

Since image contrast in urinary tract proton magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) depends on both intrinsic properties of the imaged tissue and the imaging technique, it is important to understand the principles underlying image production, both while performing urinary tract MRI and when interpreting the images. This paper reviews briefly the major characteristics of tissue that can produce image contrast: mobile proton density, tissue motion, and relaxation times. It also describes the principles by which these factors, together with the choice of pulse sequence, affect image appearance. The specific pulse sequences described include the spin-echo and inversion recovery sequences; the influence of repetition time, echo delay, and inversion time are also described. Although empiric data regarding the best pulse sequences to use for all types and sites of pathology in the urinary tract are not complete, knowledge of the characteristics of normal tissue and the major sorts of pathologic change permit one to make general conclusions about the appropriate choice of pulse sequences.