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COVID-19 Infection in Patients with Humoral Immunodeficiency: A Case Series and Literature Review
Maaz Jalil1, Julianne Pietras2, Syed N Ahmed2
1Cleveland Medical Center, University Hospitals, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.
Insights
Patients with primary humoral immunodeficiency experienced more severe COVID-19 outcomes. This study highlights increased risks for these immunocompromised individuals, especially those with comorbidities.
Area of Science:
- Immunology
- Infectious Diseases
- Clinical Medicine
Background:
- COVID-19 poses a significant threat to immunocompromised individuals.
- Limited and conflicting data exist on COVID-19 outcomes in patients with humoral immunodeficiencies.
Purpose of the Study:
- To describe COVID-19 clinical outcomes in patients with primary humoral immunodeficiency.
- To compare these outcomes with existing literature.
Main Methods:
- Retrospective cohort review of 15 patients with humoral immunodeficiency (CVID, SAD, hypogammaglobulinemia).
- Evaluation of COVID-19 severity scores and clinical outcomes.
Main Results:
- 33% of patients experienced moderate to severe COVID-19, requiring hospitalization or leading to death.
- COVID-19 mortality rate was 7% in this cohort.
- All patients with severe COVID-19 had at least one comorbidity or risk factor.
Conclusions:
- Humoral immunodeficient patients face a higher rate of severe COVID-19 and worse outcomes.
- Comorbidities significantly worsen clinical outcomes in this population.
Background:
The coronavirus 2019 disease (COVID-19) has infected many individuals worldwide and continues to pose a significant threat to those with weakened immune systems. The data evaluating the clinical outcomes of patients with humoral immunodeficiencies that contract COVID-19 is limited and conflicting.
Objective:
To describe the clinical outcomes of COVID-19 infections in patients with primary humoral immunodeficiency and compare results to current literature.
Methods:
We conducted a retrospective cohort review on 15 patients with a humoral immunodeficiency defined as Common Variable Immunodeficiency, Specific Antibody Deficiency, or unspecified hypogammaglobulinemia, who contracted COVID-19. Severity scores were determined to evaluate the clinical outcomes of these patients.
Results:
Of our 15-patient cohort, 33% of individuals with a humoral immunodeficiency infected with COVID-19 had moderate to severe disease, requiring hospitalization or resulting in death. COVID-19 mortality rate was found to be 7%. All 5 of our patients with severe COVID-19 infection had at least 1 comorbidity or risk factor.
Conclusion:
Within our cohort of humoral immunodeficient patients infected with COVID-19, we found a higher rate of moderate to severe COVID-19 infection and worse clinical outcomes, particularly in patients with comorbidities or risk factors.
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