Immunopathological changes, complications, sequelae and immunological memory in COVID-19 patients

Area of Science:

• Pathology
• Immunology
• Infectious Diseases

Background:

• Over 275 million confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) globally.
• While many cases are mild, severe complications and death occur.
• The ACE2 receptor plays a crucial role in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 involving the ACE2 receptor.
• To evaluate pathological and immunological changes in major organs.
• To assess immunological memory following infection and vaccination.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of pathogenesis, organ pathology, and immunology.
• Analysis of ACE2 receptor's role in SARS-CoV-2 binding.
• Examination of multinucleate syncytia in lung tissues.

Main Results:

• SARS-CoV-2 binding to ACE2 reduces protein levels, increasing inflammation and cell death.
• Pathological changes in multiple organs can lead to severe illness and long-term health issues.
• Immunological memory suggests prolonged antibody production and immunity against reinfection (3-61 months).

Conclusions:

• Multiorgan complications from COVID-19 necessitate multidisciplinary care for survivors.
• Understanding ACE2-mediated pathogenesis is key to managing severe COVID-19.
• Long-term immunity and antibody production are expected in many COVID-19 patients.