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Colors and Magnetism

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Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Valence Bond Theory

Valence Bond Theory

Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...

IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization

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Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes show characteristic C–H stretching absorption bands. These IR stretching frequencies depend on the hybridization of the involved carbon atom and can be explained in terms of the s character of each hybridized atomic orbital.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 24, 2025

Demonstration of Spin-Multiplexed and Direction-Multiplexed All-Dielectric Visible Metaholograms

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Published on: September 25, 2020

Light-Driven Spintronic Heterostructures for Coded Terahertz Emission.

Mingyu Tong¹, Yuze Hu¹, Weibao He¹

¹College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, P. R. China.

|May 3, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers demonstrate novel terahertz (THz) coded emission, integrating efficient THz wave generation and control. This breakthrough utilizes ferromagnetic heterostructures for programmable THz wave manipulation in advanced applications.

Keywords:

coded terahertz emission ferromagnetic heterostructures inverse spin Hall effect light-driven spintronic

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Area of Science:

Physics
Materials Science
Electrical Engineering

Background:

Metasurfaces enable real-time electromagnetic (EM) wave manipulation and programmable device operation.
Existing research primarily focuses on modulating EM wave transmission, with limited control over EM wave generation, particularly in the terahertz (THz) spectrum.

Purpose of the Study:

To conceptually propose and experimentally demonstrate coded terahertz emission.
To integrate efficient generation and control of THz waves across a wide frequency band.

Main Methods:

Utilized two types of stripe-patterned ferromagnetic heterostructures with opposite spin Hall angles as coding units.
Characterized two distinct states in each coding unit (0° and 180° polarization/phase) as binary digits ('0' and '1').
Switched coding states by manipulating the optical field distribution of the pump beam.

Main Results:

Successfully demonstrated simultaneous terahertz coding and terahertz emission.
Showcased the ability to control THz wave generation using ferromagnetic heterostructures.
Validated the switching mechanism for binary coding states.

Conclusions:

The proposed method integrates efficient THz wave generation and control, essential for miniaturization and integration.
Ferromagnetic heterostructures are endowed with controllable spatial characteristics for THz applications.
This work benefits potential applications in wireless communications and holographic imaging.