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Related Concept Videos

Distillation: Vapor–Liquid Equilibria01:01

Distillation: Vapor–Liquid Equilibria

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Distillation is a separation technique that takes advantage of the boiling point properties of disparate elements in a mixture. To perform distillation, we begin by heating a miscible mixture of two liquids with a significant difference in boiling points (at least 20°C). As the solution heats up and reaches the bubble point of the more volatile component, some molecules of the more volatile component transition into the gas phase and travel upward into the condenser, which is a glass tube...
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The physical form of a substance changes by changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. For vaporization to occur, kinetic energy must be greater than the intermolecular forces that keep molecules bonded. The amount of energy needed to vaporize a quantity of liquid at a given pressure and a constant temperature is called the heat of vaporization. When...
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Volatilization01:10

Volatilization

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Volatilization gravimetry is an analytical technique that measures the mass lost due to the volatilization of the substance. This technique is used to estimate the amount of volatile material in a sample. To perform this method, heat a known amount of the sample to a high temperature in a crucible or other suitable vessel. The volatile substance in the sample evaporates, and the vapor is completely expelled from the crucible either by heating the sample or bubbling a stream of inert gas through...
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Vapor Pressure Lowering03:28

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The equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid is the pressure exerted by its gaseous phase when vaporization and condensation are occurring at equal rates:
 
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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Atomization Methods01:25

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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS) atomizes samples through flame atomization or electrothermal atomization. Flame atomization typically involves a nebulizer and spray chamber assembly to combine the sample with a fuel–oxidant mixture, creating a fine aerosol mist that enters a burner. Typically, the fuel and oxidant are combined in an approximately stoichiometric ratio. However, for atoms that are easily oxidized, a fuel-rich mixture may be more advantageous. Only about 5% of the...
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When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules move randomly about, they will occasionally collide with the surface of the condensed phase, and in some cases, these collisions will result in the molecules re-entering the condensed phase. The change from the gas phase to the liquid is called condensation. When the rate of condensation becomes equal to the rate of vaporization, neither the amount of the liquid nor the amount of the vapor...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 24, 2025

A Microcontroller Operated Device for the Generation of Liquid Extracts from Conventional Cigarette Smoke and Electronic Cigarette Aerosol
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Dynamic vapor microextraction of ignitable liquid from casework containers.

Jennifer L Berry1, Mary E Gregg2, Adam J Friss1

  • 1Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305, USA.

Forensic Science International
|May 3, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Dynamic vapor microextraction (DVME) is an improved method for analyzing fire debris. DVME effectively recovers ignitable liquids from glass jars but shows limitations with polymer bags.

Keywords:
Fire debrisGas chromatographyHeadspaceIgnitable liquidMass spectrometry

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Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Analytical Chemistry

Background:

  • Traditional methods for ignitable liquid (IL) analysis use toxic solvents.
  • Dynamic vapor microextraction (DVME) offers a safer alternative using acetone.
  • DVME is a headspace concentration technique for collecting ILs from fire debris.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To extend DVME to casework containers for IL analysis.
  • To evaluate the impact of different container types on DVME efficiency.
  • To explore the influence of oven temperature and collection volume on DVME performance.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated DVME in metal cans (with/without polymer bags) and glass jars.
  • Analyzed weathered gasoline samples across a range of oven temperatures (54–96 °C) and collection volumes (47–90 scc).
  • Monitored for breakthrough and quantified target compounds based on volatility.

Main Results:

  • Metal cans without polymer bags showed excessive leakage, rendering DVME unreliable.
  • Glass jars allowed recovery of target compounds across the entire volatility range.
  • Polymer bags limited recovery to high-volatility compounds; low-volatility compounds were lost.

Conclusions:

  • DVME is container-dependent, with glass jars being superior to polymer bags for comprehensive IL recovery.
  • Oven temperature and collection volume had minimal impact on DVME results within the tested ranges.
  • DVME is a viable, safer alternative for IL analysis in fire debris casework.