Anthropogenic trace elements (Bi, Cd, Cr, Pb) concentrations in a West Antarctic ice core

Trace elements are emitted to the atmosphere from natural and anthropogenic sources. The increase in industrialization and mining occurring from the late 19th century released large quantities of toxic trace elements into the Earth's atmosphere. Here we investigate the variability of concentrations of bismuth, cadmium, chromium, and lead in two Mount Johns - MJ (79°55'28"S, 94°23'18"W, 2100 m a.s.l) ice cores over 132 years (1883-2015). Trace element concentrations were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (CCI/UMaine). The data show evidence of pollution for these elements in Antarctica as early as the 1883. Several maxima concentrations were observed: first at the beginning of the 20th century and the last from 1970s to 1990s, with a clear decrease during recent years. Emissions occur from different anthropogenic sources and appear to be variable throughout the record. The main source of these elements is attributed to mining and smelting of non-ferrous metals in South America, Africa, and Australia. As well as a probable lead enrichment due to the use of fossil fuels. The MJ ice core record also reflects changes in atmospheric circulation and transport processes, probably associated with a strengthening of the westerlies.