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Related Concept Videos

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes01:15

Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes

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Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at...
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Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes01:19

Potentiometry: Types of Electrodes

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Reference electrodes serve as a stable reference point for potentiometric measurements, while indicator and working electrodes react to variations in the composition of a solution.
The Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE) is a widely used reference electrode that maintains zero potential across all temperatures. However, its need for a continuous hydrogen gas supply renders it impractical for everyday use.
An alternative to SHE is the Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE). This electrode features an...
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Responses to Salt Stress02:02

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Salt stress—which can be triggered by high salt concentrations in a plant’s environment—can significantly affect plant growth and crop production by influencing photosynthesis and the absorption of water and nutrients.
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Water and Mineral Acquisition

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Specialized tissues in plant roots have evolved to capture water, minerals, and some ions from the soil. Roots exhibit a variety of branching patterns that facilitate this process. The outermost root cells have specialized structures called root hairs that increase the root surface, thus increasing soil contact. Water can passively cross into roots, as the concentration of water in the soil is higher than that of the root tissue. Minerals, in contrast, are actively transported into root cells.
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Spontaneous Chemical Reactions
Spontaneous redox reactions occur abundantly in nature. The chemical reaction occurring in a disposable AA battery powering our remote controls is one such example of a spontaneous redox reaction. Another example is the immersion of coiled copper wire into an aqueous silver nitrate solution. The reaction shows a gradual, visually impressive color change from colorless to bright blue and the formation of a grey precipitate on the copper wire. In this experiment,...
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Controlled-Potential Coulometry: Electrolytic Methods01:17

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Controlled-potential coulometry, also known as potentiostatic coulometry, employs a three-electrode system in which the working electrode's potential is precisely regulated using a potentiostat. Platinum working electrodes are utilized for positive potentials, while mercury pool electrodes are favored for extremely negative potentials. The platinum counter electrode is separated from the analyte using a membrane or salt bridge to avoid interference in the analysis.
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Updated: Sep 24, 2025

Ion-Exchange Membranes for the Fabrication of Reverse Electrodialysis Device
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Intact mangrove root electrodes for desalination.

Adam R Wood1, Raghav Garg2, Kyle Justus1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 USA.

RSC Advances
|May 6, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mangrove roots, naturally adapted to saltwater, were carbonized into highly permeable electrodes. This bioinspired material significantly improves water flow for capacitive deionization, offering a sustainable desalination solution.

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Electrochemically and Bioelectrochemically Induced Ammonium Recovery
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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Environmental Engineering
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Biological systems exhibit remarkable adaptations for survival in saline, water-scarce environments.
  • Global challenges necessitate innovative solutions for water desalination, especially for low-salinity sources.
  • Mangrove trees possess unique physiological mechanisms, like salt exclusion, for thriving in coastal brackish waters.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop bioinspired abiotic systems for water desalination.
  • To investigate the potential of carbonized mangrove roots as electrodes for capacitive deionization.
  • To enhance water flow permeability in capacitive deionization electrodes.

Main Methods:

  • One-step carbonization of red mangrove roots to create freestanding electrodes.
  • Fabrication of flow-through capacitive deionization systems using carbonized mangrove root electrodes.
  • Measurement of water flow resistance through electrodes made from mangrove roots versus common woody biomass.

Main Results:

  • Carbonized mangrove root aerenchyma demonstrated a 65-fold reduction in water flow resistance compared to common woody biomass.
  • Intact carbonized red mangrove roots were successfully utilized as electrodes in a flow-through capacitive deionization system.
  • The developed electrodes exhibited high permeability, facilitating efficient water desalination.

Conclusions:

  • Carbonized mangrove roots offer a highly permeable and sustainable material for capacitive deionization electrodes.
  • This bioinspired approach presents a promising advancement in water desalination technology.
  • The findings have broad implications for water treatment, biomaterials, and understanding plant functionality.