Relationship between allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis (allergic rhinoconjunctivitis) - review

Area of Science:

• Immunology
• Ophthalmology
• Otorhinolaryngology

Background:

• Allergic rhinitis and allergic conjunctivitis frequently co-occur, leading to the term allergic rhinoconjunctivitis.
• This condition significantly affects patients' quality of life and imposes a considerable financial burden.
• The anatomical proximity of the nasal and ocular tissues facilitates disease propagation, sharing common allergic pathophysiological mechanisms.

Purpose of the Study:

• To define and discuss the integrated condition of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis.
• To highlight the diagnostic criteria and therapeutic strategies for this prevalent allergic condition.

Main Methods:

• Diagnosis relies on correlating patient symptoms with clinical examination and diagnostic tests.
• Tests include identifying allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE) in vivo or in vitro.
• Nasal eosinophil smears are reliable for allergic rhinitis, but conjunctival eosinophils are not definitive indicators of allergy.

Main Results:

• Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis diagnosis requires concordance between symptoms, clinical findings, and specific IgE detection.
• Topical corticosteroids are effective for nasal symptoms and can manage ocular symptoms.
• First-line ocular treatment involves topical antihistamines, mast-cell stabilizers, or dual-action medications.

Conclusions:

• Allergic rhinoconjunctivitis is a distinct clinical entity requiring a comprehensive diagnostic and therapeutic approach.
• Effective management integrates patient education, pharmacotherapy, and potentially allergen-specific immunotherapy.
• Targeted topical treatments, particularly corticosteroids for nasal symptoms, are crucial for symptom control.