Graphitic-phase carbon nitride-based electrochemiluminescence sensing analyses: recent advances and perspectives

Graphitic-phase carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) materials are important polymeric and metal-free semiconductors, and have attracted extensive attention as emerging electrochemiluminescence (ECL) emitters due to their wonderful optical and electronic properties. The g-C₃N₄-based ECL sensing analysis, as a research hotspot in analytical chemistry, offers an exquisite pathway to monitor target analytes with the advantages of low background signal, high sensitivity, desirable controllability, and simple instrumentation. Herein, we briefly describe the current research status of g-C₃N₄-based ECL assays along with versatile signaling strategies, introduce the preparation methods and ECL emission mechanisms of g-C₃N₄-dependent emitters, summarize their ECL sensing applications from 2012 to now, highlighting with special examples of metal ion and small molecule detection, nucleic acid bioanalysis, immunoassay, protein sensing, and cell-related determination. Finally, the prospects and challenges for future work are also explored to design more advanced ECL biosensors.