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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer02:48

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Alkali Metals03:06

Alkali Metals

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Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals
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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature03:34

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

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An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.
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Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

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Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
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Updated: Sep 23, 2025

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Nonflammable quasi-solid-state electrolyte for stable lithium-metal batteries.

Qiushi Sun1, Xiao Chen1, Jian Xie1,2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 P. R. China xiejian1977@zju.edu.cn zhaoxb@zju.edu.cn +86-571-87951451 +86-571-87952181.

RSC Advances
|May 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a quasi-solid-state composite electrolyte (QCE) for safer, high-energy lithium batteries. This new electrolyte enhances stability and performance, overcoming challenges like dendrite formation and capacity fade.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • High-energy-density lithium batteries face challenges with flammable electrolytes, lithium dendrite formation, and capacity fade.
  • Existing systems require safer and more stable electrolytes for high-voltage and high-capacity applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a quasi-solid-state composite electrolyte (QCE) for improved safety and electrochemical performance in lithium batteries.
  • To address limitations of current electrolytes, including flammability and instability at high voltages.

Main Methods:

  • In situ polymerization to create a composite electrolyte with a polymer matrix, inorganic filler, nonflammable plasticizers, and lithium salt.
  • Electrochemical characterization including ionic conductivity, electrochemical window, and cycling performance with lithium metal anodes and various cathodes (LiCoO2, LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2).
  • Abuse testing of pouch-type batteries incorporating the QCE.

Main Results:

  • The QCE exhibited good thermal stability, moderate ionic conductivity (2.8 × 10^-4 S cm^-1 at 25 °C), and a wide electrochemical window (up to 6.7 V).
  • Batteries utilizing the QCE demonstrated good electrochemical performance and stable cycling with different cathodes.
  • Pouch-type batteries showed stable cycling and tolerance to abuse tests (folding, cutting, nail penetration).
  • In situ formed fluorides and phosphides stabilized electrode interfaces, enabling stable lithium metal battery cycling.

Conclusions:

  • The developed quasi-solid-state composite electrolyte offers a promising solution for safer and more stable high-energy lithium batteries.
  • The QCE's unique composition and in situ interface stabilization contribute to enhanced electrochemical performance and safety.
  • This work paves the way for advanced lithium metal batteries with improved energy density and reliability.