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Related Concept Videos

Development of Immunocompetence01:22

Development of Immunocompetence

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The initiation of cell-mediated immunity can be observed as early as the third month of fetal growth, with active antibody-mediated immunity following approximately one month later.
The initial cells that migrate from the fetal thymus settle within the skin and epithelial tissues lining the mouth, digestive tract, and in females, the uterus and vagina. These cells, including skin-based dendritic cells, serve as antigen-presenting cells, playing a key role in T cell activation.
Subsequent T...
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Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

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Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
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Infection01:20

Infection

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When a pathogen enters the body and reproduces, it can cause an infection, damage body cells, and cause illness symptoms that eventually lead to disease. Therefore, its prevention requires breaking the chain of infection.
The chain begins with pathogens: bacteria, viruses, fungi, prions, or parasites such as protozoa helminths. These can be present on the skin as transient or resident flora, or they can be acquired from the environment. Identifying and treating the type of infection and...
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Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

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The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
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Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

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Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
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Updated: Sep 23, 2025

Intracerebroventricular and Intravascular Injection of Viral Particles and Fluorescent Microbeads into the Neonatal Brain
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COVID-19 infections in infants.

Małgorzata Sobolewska-Pilarczyk1, Maria Pokorska-Śpiewak2,3, Anna Stachowiak4

  • 1Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland.

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COVID-19 in infants often presents as mild gastrointestinal or respiratory illness, but can include pneumonia. Hospitalizations increased significantly during the second pandemic wave, with younger infants affected.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Virology

Background:

  • COVID-19 affects infants, with varying clinical presentations.
  • Understanding infant SARS-CoV-2 infection is crucial for public health.
  • The pandemic's waves may have influenced disease patterns in infants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the clinical course of COVID-19 in a cohort of 300 infants.
  • To compare COVID-19 presentation and hospitalization rates between pandemic waves.
  • To identify key symptoms and risk factors for severe disease in infants.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 300 infants diagnosed with COVID-19 from the SARSTerPED multicenter database (March-December 2020).
  • Data collected included demographics, symptoms, diagnoses (pneumonia, gastrointestinal), and laboratory markers (D-dimers, IL-6).
  • Comparison of clinical data between the first and second waves of the pandemic.

Main Results:

  • Common symptoms included fever (77%), cough (40%), and catarrh (37%).
  • 23% of infants had pneumonia, and 31.3% experienced gastrointestinal symptoms.
  • Hospitalization rates were 6 times higher in the second wave, with younger infants hospitalized longer.

Conclusions:

  • COVID-19 in infants typically presents as mild gastrointestinal or respiratory infection, but pneumonia can occur.
  • Infants may contribute to household SARS-CoV-2 transmission, even with mild symptoms.
  • Gastrointestinal symptoms and appetite loss in infants warrant COVID-19 testing and can necessitate hospitalization.