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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 23, 2025

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Structured reporting to improve transparency of analyses in prognostic marker studies.

Willi Sauerbrei1, Tim Haeussler2, James Balmford2

  • 1Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany. wfs@imbi.uni-freiburg.de.

BMC Medicine
|May 13, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Poor reporting in prognostic factor studies hinders understanding and clinical application. Structured reporting, using tools like the REMARK profile, is crucial for improving research quality and clarifying marker relevance.

Keywords:
BiasMeta-analysisPrognostic studiesREMARK profileReporting guidelinesSelective reportingTransparency

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Biostatistics
  • Medical Research Methodology

Background:

  • Poor reporting practices, including selective outcome reporting and insufficient methodological detail, impede the understanding of research studies.
  • Systematic reviews highlight persistent deficiencies in reporting prognostic factor studies, even concerning critical data like effective sample size.
  • The REMARK reporting guidelines aim to improve the reporting of tumor marker prognostic studies, with the REMARK profile enhancing structured reporting by encompassing all conducted analyses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the reporting quality of prognostic factor studies in oncology.
  • To assess the utility of the REMARK profile in identifying reporting deficiencies.
  • To emphasize the need for structured reporting to improve the reliability of prognostic marker research.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic search identified 15 prognostic factor studies published in 2015 across five leading oncology journals.
  • Studies were selected based on the inclusion of survival outcomes and the use of multivariable statistical analyses.
  • Key information for each study was summarized using a REMARK profile, detailing patient characteristics, follow-up data, and all analyses performed.

Main Results:

  • Structured profiles revealed significant reporting weaknesses in over 50% of the evaluated studies.
  • Common deficiencies included incomplete reporting of patient exclusions, missing event data, and inadequate details on statistical analyses like subgroup analyses.
  • While analysis quality was not formally assessed, the profiles indicated numerous apparent deficits in reporting.

Conclusions:

  • A considerable proportion of prognostic factor studies suffer from poor reporting and analysis, negatively impacting systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
  • Inadequate reporting of individual studies is a primary reason for the persistent ambiguity surrounding the clinical relevance of many prognostic markers.
  • Structured reporting is essential for enhancing the quality of prognostic marker research, addressing issues like selective reporting, and improving meta-analysis validity.