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Controlled processes in human consciousness represent high-alert mental states where individuals deliberately focus their attention on achieving specific goals. Controlled processes can be seen in situations like mastering new technology, where a person might become so absorbed that they ignore surrounding distractions. Such processes involve selective attention, requiring one to concentrate on particular elements of experience while disregarding others. These are governed by executive...
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Metacognition is a conscious process where individuals are aware of their cognitive and executive processes, such as planning before solving a problem or self-monitoring during reading. For instance, a writer may need help with composing a piece. The situation involves a writer who is working on a piece of writing, but while doing so, they realize that something is missing. They notice that their characters lack depth or details. This realization occurs because the writer is reflecting on their...
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Introspection, long upheld as a reliable route to self-knowledge, involves examining one's thoughts, emotions, and mental processes. It underpins many psychological practices, from mindfulness meditation to psychotherapy and self-help strategies. However, empirical evidence challenges the accuracy of introspection as a means of understanding oneself.Limitations of Introspective InsightSeminal work by Nisbett and Wilson demonstrated that individuals are frequently unaware of the true causes...
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Altered states of consciousness represent significant deviations from one's normal mental state. These deviations can range from subtle changes in awareness to profound transformations in perception, thought processes, and sensory experiences. Altered states of consciousness can be triggered by various factors, including drug use, meditation, hypnosis, illness, or even intense fatigue.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 23, 2025

Measurement of Neurophysiological Signals of Ignoring and Attending Processes in Attention Control
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On the relationship between mind wandering and mindfulness.

Angelo Belardi1, Leila Chaieb2, Alodie Rey-Mermet3

  • 1Faculty of Psychology, UniDistance Suisse, 3900, Brig, Switzerland. angelo.belardi@fernuni.ch.

Scientific Reports
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mind wandering and mindfulness are inversely related, suggesting they exist on a spectrum of present-moment attention. This study examined their psychometric properties and association in two distinct participant groups.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience

Background:

  • Mind wandering (MW) and mindfulness are key moderators of psychological wellbeing.
  • Understanding their relationship is crucial for mental health research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between mindfulness and mind wandering.
  • To evaluate the psychometric properties of mindfulness and mind wandering measures.

Main Methods:

  • Two samples (German-speaking unpaid, English-speaking paid) completed online questionnaires and tasks.
  • Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS) and sustained attention to response task (SART) were used.
  • Experience sampling (ES) probes recorded self-reported MW and meta-awareness.

Main Results:

  • MAAS demonstrated high internal consistency in both samples.
  • Split-half reliability for SART and MW measures was generally good, with some exceptions.
  • A moderate negative association between trait mindfulness and MW was found in one sample.

Conclusions:

  • Mindfulness and mind wandering appear to be inversely related, representing different attentional states.
  • Findings support the view of a spectrum of present-moment attentional focus.
  • Psychometric properties of common measures were largely supported, with specific limitations noted.