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Related Concept Videos

Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

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Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
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Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
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Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

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The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 23, 2025

De novo Identification of Actively Translated Open Reading Frames with Ribosome Profiling Data
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Methods for identifying biomedical translation: a systematic review.

Javier Padilla-Cabello1,2, Antonio Santisteban-Espejo3,4, Ruben Heradio5

  • 1Program of Biomedicine, University of Granada Granada, Spain.

American Journal of Translational Research
|May 13, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Evaluating translational medicine progress is challenging, as no single gold-standard method exists. A systematic review identified seven methods, each with unique limitations, highlighting the need for better evaluation tools in biomedical research.

Keywords:
Translational researchbibliometric analysisbiomedical translational researchmethods for evaluatingresearch evaluation

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedicine and Health Sciences
  • Translational Research

Background:

  • Translational medicine significantly advances biomedical research but lacks standardized progress evaluation methods.
  • Assessing the impact and progress of translational research remains a challenge within the scientific community.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review and identify existing methods for evaluating translational research.
  • To analyze the characteristics, advantages, and limitations of different translational research evaluation approaches.

Main Methods:

  • A systematic literature review was conducted to identify all available methods for evaluating translational research.
  • Seven distinct evaluation methods were identified and analyzed based on predefined criteria.

Main Results:

  • Seven methods for evaluating translational research were identified, each with specific advantages and limitations.
  • No single method demonstrated superior advantages over others; all presented unique drawbacks.
  • The Triangle of Biomedicine method was noted for its longevity and utility.

Conclusions:

  • There is currently no universally accepted gold-standard method for evaluating biomedical translational research.
  • Existing evaluation methods have inherent limitations that must be considered during application.
  • Further development of robust and standardized evaluation tools for translational research is warranted.