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Integrated dynamic probabilistic material flow analysis of engineered materials in all European countries
Véronique Adam1, Qie Wu1, Bernd Nowack1
1Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technologies, Technology and Society Laboratory, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
Nanoimpact
|May 13, 2022
Summary
This study developed an integrated dynamic probabilistic material flow analysis (IDPMFA) to assess environmental risks of engineered nanomaterials. The IDPMFA model reveals that waste treatment significantly impacts nanoproduct release forms and environmental distribution.
Area of Science:
- Environmental Science
- Materials Science
- Risk Assessment
Background:
- Environmental risks of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are uncertain due to data gaps in exposure and hazard assessments.
- Probabilistic material flow analysis (PMFA) models substance flows through lifecycles, incorporating data uncertainties.
- Previous PMFA refinements addressed system dynamics, recycling, and release forms, increasing method complexity.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop an integrated dynamic probabilistic material flow analysis (IDPMFA) combining existing PMFA advancements into a single software.
- To assess the release forms of nano-silver (nano-Ag), nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2), and nano-zinc oxide (nano-ZnO) into air, soil, and surface water across European countries (EU28, Norway, Switzerland) from 2000-2020.
- To evaluate the influence of reprocessing and country-specific waste management on ENM environmental release forms.
Main Methods:
- Development of an integrated dynamic probabilistic material flow analysis (IDPMFA) software.
- Application of IDPMFA to model the lifecycle of nano-Ag, nano-TiO2, and nano-ZnO in European countries (EU28, Norway, Switzerland) from 2000-2020.
- Assessment of ENM release forms (pristine, dissolved, matrix-embedded, transformed) and flows from reprocessing stages.
Main Results:
- The IDPMFA model quantified release forms of nano-ZnO, nano-Ag, and nano-TiO2 into environmental compartments.
- Significant variations in release forms were observed for nano-ZnO across different environmental compartments.
- Reprocessing stages and country-specific solid waste treatment schemes were identified as key factors influencing the distribution of ENMs to environmental sinks.
Conclusions:
- The IDPMFA provides a comprehensive tool for assessing environmental exposure to ENMs throughout their lifecycle.
- Considering recycling stages, country-specific differences, and release forms is crucial for accurate environmental risk assessment of nanoproducts.
- The model's results offer valuable input for environmental fate and risk assessments, improving understanding of ENM environmental behavior.
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