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Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

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The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
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The Z-Scheme of Electron Transport in Photosynthesis01:34

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The light reactions of photosynthesis assume a linear flow of electrons from water to NADP+. During this process, light energy drives the splitting of water molecules to produce oxygen. However, oxidation of water molecules is a thermodynamically unfavorable reaction and requires a strong oxidizing agent. This is accomplished by the first product of light reactions: oxidized P680 (or P680+), the most powerful oxidizing agent known in biology. The oxidized P680 that acquires an electron from the...
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Photosystem I01:27

Photosystem I

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Although structurally similar to photosystem II (PSII), photosystem I (PSI) is has a different electron supplier and electron acceptor.
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Photosystem II

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The multi-protein complex photosystem II (PS II) harvests photons and transfers their energy through its bound pigments to its reaction center, and ultimately to photosystem I (PSI) through the electron transport chain. The pigments responsible for caputirng the light energy in photosystems include chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids.
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Photosystems01:32

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Photosystems are multiprotein complexes that form the functional units of photosynthesis in plants, algae, and cyanobacteria. They are found embedded in the membrane of tiny sac-like structures called thylakoids placed inside the chloroplast.
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Plants and other photosynthetic organisms comprise pigments capable of absorption of direct sunlight. These pigments are present in the reaction center - the main site of photochemical reactions as well as in the antenna complex. Under average light conditions, the rate at which reaction center pigments absorb light is far below the electron transport chain's capacity. As a result, the reaction center alone cannot provide enough energy to drive photosynthesis. The photosynthetic efficiency can...
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Studying the Supramolecular Organization of Photosynthetic Membranes within Freeze-fractured Leaf Tissues by Cryo-scanning Electron Microscopy
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Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Organized Assemblies-Case Studies.

Antonio Santoro1, Giovanni Bella1, Ambra M Cancelliere1

  • 1Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Via F. Stagno d'Alcontres 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 14, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This review explores photoinduced electron transfer in assembled systems, offering a tutorial for researchers on light-induced charge separation and decay. It highlights functional systems for converting light energy into chemical energy.

Keywords:
artificial photosynthesisdonor-bridge-acceptor systemelectron transfersupramolecular assembliestransient absorption spectroscopy

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Area of Science:

  • Photochemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) is crucial for energy conversion.
  • Designed assembled architectures offer control over PET processes.
  • Understanding charge-separated states is key to efficient energy utilization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review PET processes in designed assembled architectures.
  • To provide a tutorial on studying light-induced charge separation and decay.
  • To discuss functional systems for light energy to chemical energy conversion.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent laboratory results.
  • Description of a convenient method for studying assembled systems.
  • Presentation of covalent and supramolecular assembled systems.

Main Results:

  • Insights into the rules governing light-induced charge-separated states.
  • Demonstration of assembled systems for energy conversion.
  • Discussion of functional multicomponent systems.

Conclusions:

  • Assembled architectures provide a platform for controlling PET.
  • The presented methods facilitate understanding of charge-separated state dynamics.
  • Functional systems show potential for light energy harvesting and chemical fuel production.