Exploration of the Genetic Diversity of Solina Wheat and Its Implication for Grain Quality

Different Solina wheat accessions (n = 24) collected in the Abruzzo region (Italy) were studied using 45,000 SNP markers generated from the DarTseq platform. The structure of genetic data was analyzed by Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Cluster analysis that revealed the existence of two main clusters (Clu1 and Clu2) characterized by samples with different geographical origin. The Solina genetic dataset was further merged and analyzed with a public genetic one provided by CIMMYT containing 25,963 genotypes from all over the world. The Solina accessions occupied a vast space, thus confirming a high heterogeneity of this landrace that, nevertheless, is considerably unique and placed quite far from other clusters. Clu1 and Clu2 divergence were clearly visible. Solina clusters were genetically closer to landraces from Turkey and the central fertile crescent than to the Italian genotypes present in the dataset. Selected commercial quality traits of accessions of the two Solina clusters were analyzed (yield, thousand kernel weight, test weight, and protein content), and significant differences were found between clusters. The results of this investigation did not highlight any relationships of Solina with Italian genotypes, and confirmed its wide genetic diversity by permitting to identify two genetic groups with distinct origin and quality traits.