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Related Concept Videos

Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

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A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
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Homeostatic Imbalances in Body Temperature01:19

Homeostatic Imbalances in Body Temperature

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Hyperthermia occurs when the body's temperature becomes unusually high, often due to heat exposure, intense physical activity, or certain illnesses. This condition can create a dangerous cycle where elevated body temperature increases the metabolic rate, generating more heat and potentially leading to organ failure and brain damage. A severe form of hyperthermia, called heat stroke, can raise body temperature to life-threatening levels. Fever, on the other hand, is a controlled form of...
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Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal01:27

Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal

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Rectal temperature measurement is considered the most precise method for assessing core body temperature and typically registers higher than oral temperature. For adults, the rectal thermometer should be inserted 1 to 1.5 inches into the rectum to obtain the most accurate reading.
Follow these steps for rectal temperature assessment:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don clean gloves to prevent cross-infection.
Step 2: Position the patient in a side-lying position to better visualize the rectal...
6.8K
Factors Affecting Body Temperature01:28

Factors Affecting Body Temperature

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As a nurse, it is vital to understand the factors affecting body temperature to monitor variations and effectively evaluate deviations from regular.
Factors may  include:
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Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature01:13

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

1.2K
Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...
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Physical Methods for Controlling Microbial Growth: Temperature01:23

Physical Methods for Controlling Microbial Growth: Temperature

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Heat is a widely used method to control microbial growth by targeting and denaturing cellular proteins, thereby killing or inactivating microbes. This method's effectiveness is quantified using parameters such as the thermal death point (TDP), thermal death time (TDT), and decimal reduction time (D value). TDP represents the lowest temperature at which all microorganisms in a liquid suspension are eliminated within 10 minutes, whereas TDT is the time necessary to achieve sterilization at a...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 23, 2025

Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management
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Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management

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Optimal temperature in targeted temperature management without automated devices using a feedback system: A

Taeyoung Kong1, Je Sung You1, Hye Sun Lee2

  • 1Department of Emergency Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Republic of Korea.

The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
|May 14, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Targeted temperature management (TTM) at 36°C improves survival and neurological outcomes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients when feedback devices are unavailable. TTM at 33°C without these devices was associated with worse results.

Keywords:
Body temperatureOut-of-hospital cardiac arrestPrognosisRegulationTargeted temperature management

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Emergency Medicine
  • Critical Care Medicine

Background:

  • Targeted temperature management (TTM) between 32°C-36°C is crucial for improving patient outcomes after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA).
  • Automated TTM devices with feedback systems (TFDs) are recommended but often inaccessible, posing a challenge for optimal patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between specific targeted temperatures (33°C vs. 36°C) and the use of TFDs in OHCA patients undergoing TTM.
  • To evaluate the impact of these TTM strategies on patient survival and neurological outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • A multicenter study analyzed nontraumatic OHCA registry data from October 2015 to June 2020, involving 29 institutions.
  • Patients were categorized into four groups: TTM at 33°C with TFD (33TFD), 36°C with TFD (36TFD), 33°C without TFD (33NTFD), and 36°C without TFD (36NTFD).
  • Clinical outcomes assessed included survival to hospital discharge and neurological status at discharge.

Main Results:

  • Analysis of 938 patients revealed that the 33NTFD group had the lowest survival and worst neurological outcomes.
  • No significant differences in survival or neurological outcomes were found among the 33TFD, 36TFD, and 36NTFD groups after covariate adjustment.
  • Compared to 33NTFD, the 36NTFD group showed significantly higher adjusted odds ratios for survival and favorable neurological status.

Conclusions:

  • In OHCA patients managed with TTM without TFDs, a target temperature of 36°C is associated with better survival and neurological outcomes than 33°C.
  • This finding suggests that 36°C TTM may be a more beneficial strategy when TFDs are unavailable for OHCA patients.