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Related Concept Videos

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Menopause, a natural biological process marking the end of a woman's fertility, typically occurs between the fifth and sixth decade of life. This phase is characterized by the exhaustion of the ovarian follicle pool, leading to less responsive ovaries despite the high levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). The consequential decrease in estrogen production results in symptoms like hot flashes, heavy sweating, headaches, hair loss, muscle pains, vaginal...
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Although not a source of energy, cholesterol plays a significant role as a foundational structure for bile salts, steroid hormones, and vitamin D, as well as being a crucial component of plasma membranes. Approximately 15% of blood cholesterol is derived from our diet, with the remainder synthesized from acetyl CoA by the liver and intestines. Cholesterol is eliminated from the body through its conversion into bile salts, which are eventually discarded in the feces.
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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 23, 2025

An In Vivo Estrogen Deficiency Mouse Model for Screening Exogenous Estrogen Treatments of Cardiovascular Dysfunction After Menopause
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Sleep Fragmentation and Estradiol Suppression Decrease Fat Oxidation in Premenopausal Women.

Leilah K Grant1,2,3, Jamie E Coborn3,4, Aviva Cohn4,5

  • 1Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
|May 15, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Menopause-related body fat gain is linked to both sleep fragmentation and reduced estradiol (E2). Both factors independently alter fat and carbohydrate metabolism, potentially contributing to weight gain in women.

Keywords:
estradiolindirect calorimetrymenopausesleep fragmentationsubstrate oxidationwomen

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Area of Science:

  • Metabolic Health
  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Sleep Science

Background:

  • Menopause is associated with increased body fat, often attributed to estradiol (E2) withdrawal.
  • However, hypoestrogenism alone may not fully explain these metabolic changes.
  • Sleep disturbances are increasingly recognized as a factor influencing metabolic health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the independent and combined effects of sleep fragmentation and E2 suppression on energy metabolism in women.
  • To examine how experimental sleep fragmentation impacts substrate oxidation during estrogenized and hypo-estrogenized states.

Main Methods:

  • Twenty premenopausal women participated in a 5-night inpatient study during a high-estrogen (estrogenized) phase.
  • A subset of participants underwent a repeat study after E2 suppression (hypo-estrogenized) using leuprolide.
  • Sleep was manipulated (unfragmented vs. fragmented), and indirect calorimetry assessed resting energy expenditure (REE) and substrate oxidation.

Main Results:

  • Sleep fragmentation increased carbohydrate oxidation and decreased fat oxidation in the estrogenized state (P < 0.01).
  • E2 suppression alone also increased carbohydrate oxidation and decreased fat oxidation (P < 0.01).
  • Combining sleep fragmentation with E2 suppression did not yield additional metabolic changes beyond either intervention alone (P < 0.05). REE was unaffected.

Conclusions:

  • Both sleep fragmentation and hypoestrogenism independently alter fasting substrate oxidation.
  • These metabolic shifts may contribute to the body fat gain observed in women during the menopause transition.
  • Understanding these independent effects is crucial for addressing metabolic changes associated with menopause.