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Related Concept Videos

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

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The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
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Updated: Sep 23, 2025

3D Printing and In Situ Surface Modification via Type I Photoinitiated Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization
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Galvanic-Replacement-Assisted Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization for Functional Polymer Brush

Xiaodong Yin1,2, Daheng Wu1, Haoyong Yang1,2

  • 1Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China.

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A new galvanic-replacement-assisted surface-initiated polymerization method creates polymer brushes rapidly on various materials. This robust technique offers reusable surfaces and solutions for diverse applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Surface Engineering

Background:

  • Surface-initiated polymerization is crucial for creating functional materials.
  • Existing methods often require harsh conditions or specialized equipment.
  • Developing efficient and versatile polymer brush engineering techniques is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a facile and robust strategy for polymer brush engineering.
  • To achieve high polymer brush growth rates under ambient conditions.
  • To demonstrate the applicability of the method on diverse substrates and impart specific functionalities.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing galvanic replacement to generate nanostructured Cu(0) surfaces.
  • Employing surface-initiated Cu(0)-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (gr-SI-Cu(0)ATRP).
  • Applying the technique to flexible, curved, and porous substrates.

Main Results:

  • Achieved extremely high polymer brush growth rates (up to ~904 nm in 30 min).
  • Demonstrated reusability of nano Cu(0) surfaces and Cu(2+) solutions without loss of efficiency.
  • Successfully functionalized various substrates, including polyethylene terephthalate, polycarbonate, and anodic aluminum oxide.

Conclusions:

  • Galvanic-replacement-assisted SI-Cu(0)ATRP is an efficient and versatile method for polymer brush engineering.
  • The technique is applicable to a wide range of substrates, enabling diverse functionalities like anti-icing and antifogging.
  • The reusability of reagents and mild reaction conditions make this a sustainable and practical approach.