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Related Concept Videos

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

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Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
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Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
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Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
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Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
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Updated: Sep 23, 2025

Application of Dixon's Up-and-Down Design to Estimate the Minimum Alveolar Concentration of Sevoflurane in Rats with Refined Movement Classification
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Sevoflurane concentration for cannulation in developmental disabilities.

Naou Kunihiro1, Masanori Tsukamoto2, Shiori Taura3

  • 1Kyushu University Graduate School of Dental Science, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan. naouksep7@gmail.com.

BMC Anesthesiology
|May 16, 2022
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Summary

Adding nitrous oxide to sevoflurane anesthesia in children did not affect cannulation time but lowered end-tidal sevoflurane concentrations. This suggests nitrous oxide may dilute sevoflurane in the alveoli during anesthesia induction.

Keywords:
Developmental disabilitiesIntravenous cannulationSevoflurane concentration

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Pediatric Anesthesia
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Sevoflurane is a common inhalation anesthetic for pediatric anesthesia.
  • The use of nitrous oxide in combination with sevoflurane may affect anesthetic depth and duration.
  • Children with developmental disabilities may have different responses to anesthetic agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare end-tidal sevoflurane concentration and intravenous cannulation time during anesthesia induction in healthy children versus those with developmental disabilities.
  • To evaluate the effect of nitrous oxide co-administration on these parameters.

Main Methods:

  • A comparative study involving healthy children and children with developmental disabilities.
  • Anesthesia induced with sevoflurane, with or without nitrous oxide.
  • Measurement of end-tidal sevoflurane concentration and time for intravenous cannulation.
  • Statistical analysis using ANOVA and Fisher's exact test.

Main Results:

  • No significant difference in intravenous cannulation time between healthy children and those with developmental disabilities.
  • A significant reduction in end-tidal sevoflurane concentration when nitrous oxide was used (p < 0.001).
  • Patient health status did not significantly affect cannulation time or end-tidal sevoflurane concentration.

Conclusions:

  • Nitrous oxide significantly reduces end-tidal sevoflurane concentrations during induction in children, likely due to dilution.
  • Anesthetic induction time for intravenous cannulation is not significantly affected by nitrous oxide or patient health status.
  • These findings are crucial for optimizing anesthetic management in pediatric patients.