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Viral Recombination

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Conservative Site-specific Recombination and Phase Variation

Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
The recognition sites for Cre recombinase called LoxP...

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Homologous Recombination

The basic reaction of homologous recombination (HR) involves two chromatids that contain DNA sequences sharing a significant stretch of identity. One of these sequences uses a strand from another as a template to synthesize DNA in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. The final product is a novel amalgamation of the two substrates. To ensure an accurate recombination of sequences, HR is restricted to the S and G2 phases of the cell cycle. At these stages, the DNA has been replicated already and the...

Coordination of Gene Expression Processes in Bacteria

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The DNA replication, transcription, and translation processes are intricately coupled in bacteria, allowing efficient gene expression and rapid protein synthesis. While this physical and functional coordination is advantageous, it introduces challenges that bacteria overcome through specific regulatory mechanisms.Coupling of Replication, Transcription, and TranslationThe coupling of replication, transcription, and translation is a hallmark of bacterial gene expression. As the replisome unwinds...

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Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Methodology for the Study of Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococcus aureus

Methodology for the Study of Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococcus aureus

Published on: March 10, 2017

Recombineering in Staphylococcus aureus.

Kelsi Penewit¹, Stephen J Salipante²

¹Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.

Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.)

|May 18, 2022

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Recombineering, a powerful genome engineering technique, is now possible in Staphylococcus aureus using synthetic DNA. This breakthrough enables precise genetic modifications for this important pathogen.

Keywords:

Genetic engineering Genome editing Isogenic strain Mutagenesis Recombineering Staphylococcus aureus

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Methodology for the Study of Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococcus aureus

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Recombineering Homologous Recombination Constructs in Drosophila

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Published on: July 13, 2013

Area of Science:

Microbiology
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

Recombineering is a versatile bacterial genome modification tool.
Historically, recombineering has not been feasible in Staphylococcus aureus.
Staphylococcus aureus is a significant opportunistic pathogen.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and implement recombineering methods for Staphylococcus aureus.
To enable precise genetic engineering of Staphylococcus aureus.

Main Methods:

Evaluation of various recombinases in Staphylococcus aureus.
Development of recombineering using synthetic single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides.
Coupling recombineering with CRISPR/Cas9-mediated lethal counterselection.

Main Results:

Successful establishment of recombineering in Staphylococcus aureus.
Efficient recovery of recombinant S. aureus, even without selectable phenotypes.
Demonstration of precise engineering of point mutations, deletions, and insertions.

Conclusions:

Developed a rapid, scalable, precise, and inexpensive method for engineering Staphylococcus aureus.
Opened new avenues for studying and manipulating this important pathogen.
Facilitated the creation of specific mutants for research and therapeutic development.