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Túlio Fernandes De Almeida1, Luiz Henrique Bertucci Borges1, André Felipe Oliveira de Azevedo Dantas1

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study developed an open-access, IoT-enabled electrostimulator for spinal cord injury rehabilitation. The device provides real-time, closed-loop control of joint movements, enhancing functional electrical stimulation therapy.

Keywords:
closed-loop controlelectrostimulationmedical devicerehabilitationsensors in healthcare

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Rehabilitation Technology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Functional electrical stimulation (FES) is a primary motor rehabilitation technique for spinal cord injury.
  • Existing FES devices lack real-time feedback, closed-loop operation, and remote control capabilities.
  • There is a need for advanced FES systems to improve rehabilitation outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an open-access, 4-channel Internet of Things (IoT) electrostimulator with an integrated inertial sensor.
  • To enable real-time, closed-loop control for enhanced motor rehabilitation.
  • To create a remotely operable and adaptable FES device.

Main Methods:

  • Designed a 4-channel electrostimulator circuit comprising Boost Converter, H-bridge, Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), and Processing Module.
  • Implemented firmware for module management and closed-loop stimulation using a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller.
  • Validated the device through a closed-loop ankle joint control test (dorsiflexion, plantar flexion, inversion, eversion).

Main Results:

  • The hardware safely and stably modulated electrical stimulation signals (200 μs pulse duration, 50 Hz period) with adjustable voltage.
  • The PID controller successfully controlled the ankle joint through all tested movements, adhering to reference values and constraints.
  • The developed system demonstrated effective closed-loop joint control.

Conclusions:

  • The developed open-access IoT electrostimulator offers a safe and effective platform for closed-loop motor rehabilitation.
  • This technology advances FES by incorporating real-time feedback and remote operability.
  • The device shows significant potential for improving FES-based rehabilitation for spinal cord injury patients.