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Mechanical and Microstructural Characterization of Rammed Earth Stabilized with Five Biopolymers.

Alessia Emanuela Losini1, Anne-Cecile Grillet1, Monika Woloszyn1

  • 1LOCIE, CNRS, Universite Savoie Mont Blanc, 73000 Chambery, France.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 20, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This study evaluated waste biopolymers for rammed earth stabilization. Lignin sulfonate and tannin showed the most promise, significantly increasing unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and improving microstructure.

Keywords:
bio-stabilizersbiopolymersmicrostructural characterizationrammed earth (RE)unconfined compressive strengthwaste materials

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Area of Science:

  • Construction Materials Science
  • Sustainable Engineering
  • Geotechnical Engineering

Background:

  • Traditional rammed earth construction often relies on cement for stabilization, raising environmental concerns.
  • Developing sustainable alternatives to cement is crucial for reducing the carbon footprint of construction.
  • Waste and recycled biopolymers offer a potential eco-friendly solution for stabilizing rammed earth.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the compatibility of various waste and recycled biopolymers as stabilizers for rammed earth.
  • To investigate the microstructural changes and mechanical performance of biopolymer-stabilized rammed earth.
  • To identify suitable biopolymers for replacing cement in rammed earth applications.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of five rammed earth formulations using different biopolymers: lignin sulfonate, tannin, sheep wool fibers, citrus pomace, and grape-seed flour.
  • Microstructural characterization using mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP), nitrogen sorption isotherm, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
  • Evaluation of unconfined compressive strength (UCS) for all stabilized specimens.

Main Results:

  • Three of the five tested biopolymers proved suitable for rammed earth stabilization.
  • Lignin sulfonate and tannin increased UCS by 38% and 13%, respectively, indicating pore filling and aggregate formation.
  • Sheep wool fibers enhanced UCS by 6%, attributed to fiber length and surface roughness aiding in binding clay particles.
  • Microstructural analysis confirmed pore volume reduction and specific surface area changes in nano- and micropore zones for effective stabilizers.

Conclusions:

  • Lignin sulfonate and tannin are effective biopolymer stabilizers for rammed earth, offering significant improvements in mechanical strength.
  • Sheep wool fibers provide moderate stabilization benefits, suggesting potential for specific applications.
  • Waste and recycled biopolymers present a viable and sustainable alternative to cement-based stabilization in rammed earth construction.