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Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Fundus Photography as a Convenient Tool to Study Microvascular Responses to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Epidemiological Studies
Published on: October 22, 2014
Macrovascular Complications
Michael McRae1, Cecilia C Low Wang2
1St. Luke's Family Medicine, 9850 W. St. Luke's Drive Suite 290, Nampa, ID 83687, USA.
Abstract:
Because macrovascular complications of diabetes are the leading cause of mortality and decreased quality of life for individuals with diabetes, prevention and risk reduction are paramount. Besides lifestyle management, contemporary therapies can significantly reduce risk for cardiovascular events in diabetes. For primary prevention, most individuals should be on statin therapy, whereas those at high atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk should also be on glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1RA) or sodium/glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) at any hemoglobin A1c. For secondary prevention, addition of GLP1RA or SGLT2i, PCKS9i, rivaroxaban, and/or icosapent ethyl should be considered in addition to a statin and low-dose aspirin.
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