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Updated: Sep 22, 2025

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Modelling cost-effective clearing solutions for invasive alien trees: A case study on wilding conifers.

W J de Lange1, K Boast2, T E Kleynhans1

  • 1Department of Agricultural Economics, Stellenbosch University, South Africa.

Journal of Environmental Management
|May 22, 2022
PubMed
Summary

A new cost model helps select the best alien plant clearing method for diverse sites. Drill-and-fill is often cheapest, but aerial-basal bark application (ABBA) suits difficult, steep terrain for invasive Pinus removal.

Keywords:
Alien tree clearingCost effectivenessDecision support

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Area of Science:

  • Ecological restoration
  • Invasive species management
  • Cost-benefit analysis

Background:

  • Alien plant invasions pose significant ecological and economic challenges.
  • Effective management requires selecting appropriate, cost-efficient clearing methods tailored to site conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and test a cost-based model for identifying the most cost-effective alien clearing method.
  • To compare the cost-effectiveness of traditional felling, drill-and-fill, and aerial-basal bark application (ABBA) for Pinus removal in the Cape Fynbos biome.

Main Methods:

  • A cost-based model was developed, integrating site parameters (infestation density, slope, vegetation density, access) with unit-costing data.
  • The model was applied to various scenarios in the Cape Fynbos biome, South Africa.
  • Three clearing methods (traditional felling, drill-and-fill, ABBA) were evaluated.

Main Results:

  • The drill-and-fill method was found to be the most cost-effective in most tested scenarios.
  • Aerial-basal bark application (ABBA) proved more cost-effective for isolated Pinus in dense, difficult-to-access, steep (≥45°) Fynbos.
  • Traditional felling was prohibitively expensive due to safety requirements and equipment handling.

Conclusions:

  • The developed model enables accurate, cost-effective planning for alien clearing operations.
  • Site managers can utilize the model to select the optimal clearing method based on specific site characteristics.
  • Informed method selection can lead to significant cost savings in invasive species management.