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Related Concept Videos

Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

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Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
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Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

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Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
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Inheritance of Chromatin Structures03:17

Inheritance of Chromatin Structures

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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Repressing Gene Transcription by Redirecting Cellular Machinery with Chemical Epigenetic Modifiers
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Mechanical Cues Regulate Histone Modifications and Cell Behavior.

Buwei Hu1,2, Dandan Zhou3, Haoming Wang4

  • 1Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 40042, China.

Stem Cells International
|May 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Biophysical factors in the tissue microenvironment, such as mechanical forces, influence cell epigenetic modifications and gene expression, impacting chronic disease development. Understanding these mechanisms may lead to new therapeutic targets for diseases like cancer.

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Isolation and Cultivation of Neural Progenitors Followed by Chromatin-Immunoprecipitation of Histone 3 Lysine 79 Dimethylation Mark
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Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Mechanobiology

Background:

  • Biophysical factors within the tissue microenvironment are crucial in chronic disease progression.
  • Mechanical and biochemical cues from the cell's niche regulate epigenetic modifications and gene expression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review how the biophysical microenvironment influences cell behavior, including gene expression and protein modification.
  • To explore the role of mechanical forces (stretch, stiffness, shear stress) in chronic diseases, particularly tumorigenesis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on the mechanisms of biophysical microenvironment manipulation of cell behavior.
  • Analysis of how histone modifications are affected by mechanical cues.

Main Results:

  • The biophysical microenvironment, through mechanical forces, can alter histone amino acid residue modification.
  • These alterations impact cell fate, gene expression, and protein decoration during disease development.

Conclusions:

  • Mechanical factors stimulate histone modifications, offering potential for early disease detection.
  • Targeting these mechanically induced epigenetic changes presents a promising therapeutic strategy for chronic diseases.