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Nose and Nasal Cavity01:24

Nose and Nasal Cavity

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The nose is composed of an observable exterior segment (external nose) and an internal segment within the skull known as the nasal cavity (internal nose). The external nose, visible on the face, consists of a framework of bone and hyaline cartilage enveloped in skin and muscle and lined with a mucous membrane. This structure is supported by the frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillary bone and is supplemented by a cartilaginous framework comprising the septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal...
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Knee Joint01:23

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Epistaxis01:30

Epistaxis

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Epistaxis, or nosebleeds, occurs when small, swollen blood vessels in the nasal mucous membrane rupture. Typically, the anterior septum is the primary site of occurrence.
Etiology
Possible causes of this condition include high blood pressure, trauma, low humidity, upper respiratory tract infections, allergies, foreign bodies, nasal inhalation of corticosteroids or illicit drugs, excessive use of decongestant nasal sprays, facial or nasal surgery, anatomic malformation, tumors, or systemic...
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Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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The upper respiratory tract plays a vital role in the respiratory system, comprising several structures that facilitate air intake and prepare air for the lungs. It also serves as the first line of defense against pathogens and particles. This tract includes the nose and nasal cavity, the oral cavity, the paranasal sinuses, and the pharynx, each with specific functions and features.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Diagnosis of Musculus Gastrocnemius Tightness - Key Factors for the Clinical Examination
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Noses and knees.

Ben Abbott1

  • 1Communications Medicine, https://www.nature.com/commsmed.

Communications Medicine
|May 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Regenerative medicine using cartilage grafts from nasal cells shows promise for repairing knee joints damaged by osteoarthritis. This approach may alleviate symptoms and delay the need for joint replacement surgery.

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Regenerative Medicine
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease causing pain and disability.
  • Current treatments aim to manage symptoms or replace the joint, but regenerative medicine offers new therapeutic avenues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of autologous nasal chondrocyte-derived cartilage grafts in repairing knee joints affected by osteoarthritis.
  • To explore regenerative strategies for OA treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Harvesting chondrocytes from the nasal septum.
  • Culturing and expanding these chondrocytes to create cartilage grafts.
  • Implanting the autologous grafts into arthritis-damaged knee joints in an experimental model.

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Main Results:

  • The cartilage grafts demonstrated successful integration and repair of damaged joint surfaces.
  • Evidence suggests a reduction in OA symptoms and preservation of joint function.

Conclusions:

  • Autologous nasal chondrocyte-derived cartilage grafts represent a viable regenerative therapy for osteoarthritis.
  • This approach holds potential for alleviating OA symptoms and delaying joint replacement.