Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Role of Hippocampus in Memory01:19

Role of Hippocampus in Memory

583
The hippocampus, a critical brain structure, plays an essential role in memory processing, particularly in the formation and retrieval of memory. This small, seahorse-shaped region is located within the medial temporal lobe, with one hippocampus in each brain hemisphere. Experimental studies involving lesions in the hippocampi of rats have demonstrated significant impairments in tasks such as object recognition and maze navigation, indicating the hippocampus involvement in both recognition and...
583
Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

329
Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
329
Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

676
Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
E. C. Tolman's theory of purposive behavior emphasizes that much behavior is goal-directed. He argued that to understand behavior, we must look at the entire sequence of actions leading to a goal. For instance, high school students study hard, not just due to past reinforcement but also to achieve the goal of getting into a good college.
Tolman introduced the idea that behavior is influenced by...
676
Associative Learning01:27

Associative Learning

612
Associative learning is a fundamental concept in behavioral psychology, wherein a connection is established between two stimuli or events, leading to a learned response. This process is critical in understanding how behaviors are acquired and modified. Conditioning, the mechanism through which associations are formed, can be divided into two main types: classical conditioning and operant conditioning, each elucidating different aspects of associative learning.
Classical conditioning, also known...
612
Steps in the Modeling Process01:14

Steps in the Modeling Process

336
Albert Bandura's theory of observational learning identifies four critical processes: attention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement or motivation.
Attention is the first necessary component for observational learning. It involves focusing on what the model is doing and saying. For example, if you decide to take a drawing class to enhance your skills, you need to pay close attention to the instructor's words and hand movements. The characteristics of the model significantly...
336
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

2.9K
Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when...
2.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Military Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Predicts Greater Negative Metacognitive Bias.

The Journal of head trauma rehabilitation·2026
Same author

Neural Oscillations Track Subjective and Pupillary Arousal During Naturalistic Movie Viewing.

The European journal of neuroscience·2026
Same author

Feasibility of Internet-Based Mind-Body Training for Adults With Subjective Cognitive Decline: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial.

JMIR research protocols·2026
Same author

Anxiety/stress symptoms uniquely predict greater negative global metacognitive bias in post-9/11 veterans.

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS·2026
Same author

Generalizable neural models of emotional engagement and disengagement.

Social cognitive and affective neuroscience·2026
Same author

Perceptual heterogeneity in developmental prosopagnosia: The role of the right OFA.

Neuropsychologia·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Immunohistochemical Visualization of Hippocampal Neuron Activity After Spatial Learning in a Mouse Model of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
07:43

Immunohistochemical Visualization of Hippocampal Neuron Activity After Spatial Learning in a Mouse Model of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Published on: May 12, 2015

11.4K

Hippocampal Contribution to Probabilistic Feedback Learning: Modeling Observation- and Reinforcement-based Processes.

Virginie M Patt1,2, Daniela J Palombo3, Michael Esterman1,2

  • 1VA Boston Healthcare System, MA.

Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience
|May 23, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Observation-based learning (OL) and reinforcement learning (RL) involve hippocampal and striatal systems, respectively. This study reveals collaboration between these systems, not parallel processing, in value-based learning.

More Related Videos

Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording
14:27

Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording

Published on: August 11, 2019

12.8K
Combined In Vivo Anatomical and Functional Tracing of Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamate Terminals in the Hippocampus
09:36

Combined In Vivo Anatomical and Functional Tracing of Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamate Terminals in the Hippocampus

Published on: September 9, 2020

4.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Immunohistochemical Visualization of Hippocampal Neuron Activity After Spatial Learning in a Mouse Model of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
07:43

Immunohistochemical Visualization of Hippocampal Neuron Activity After Spatial Learning in a Mouse Model of Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Published on: May 12, 2015

11.4K
Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording
14:27

Investigating Long-term Synaptic Plasticity in Interlamellar Hippocampus CA1 by Electrophysiological Field Recording

Published on: August 11, 2019

12.8K
Combined In Vivo Anatomical and Functional Tracing of Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamate Terminals in the Hippocampus
09:36

Combined In Vivo Anatomical and Functional Tracing of Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamate Terminals in the Hippocampus

Published on: September 9, 2020

4.0K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Computational Neuroscience

Background:

  • Reinforcement learning (RL) is primarily linked to the striatum.
  • Recent findings suggest hippocampal involvement in RL.
  • This study investigates if observation-based learning (OL) explains hippocampal contributions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model observation-based learning (OL) computationally.
  • To test if OL runs in parallel to striatum-based RL.
  • To analyze neuroimaging data for OL and RL interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a computational model of OL.
  • Applied the OL model to existing fMRI and amnesia data.
  • Analyzed brain activation patterns related to OL and RL prediction errors.

Main Results:

  • OL processes occur alongside RL, involving the hippocampus and orbitofrontal cortex.
  • Hippocampus is directly involved in calculating value discrepancies (prediction errors).
  • Anterior insula shows enhanced RL prediction error signaling when OL is more utilized.

Conclusions:

  • OL and RL systems collaborate, rather than operate independently.
  • The hippocampus plays a key role in encoding and updating stimulus-outcome associations.
  • The error monitoring network, including the anterior insula, may mediate OL-RL system collaboration.