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Related Concept Videos

Muscle Stimulation Frequency01:22

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The contraction strength of muscles is regulated by motor neurons, which modulate the frequency of action potentials dispatched to the motor units based on the body's requirements. This process of varying the muscle stimulation frequency allows muscles to contract with a force that is precisely tailored to the needs of the moment, whether lifting a feather or a heavy box.
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 22, 2025

How to Find Effects of Stimulus Processing on Event Related Brain Potentials of Close Others when Hyperscanning Partners
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Irregular stimulus distribution increases the negative footprint illusion.

Patrik Sörqvist1, Iveta Volna2, Jiaying Zhao3

  • 1Department of Building Engineering, Energy Systems and Sustainability Science, University of Gävle, Gävle, Sweden.

Scandinavian Journal of Psychology
|May 24, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Community layout impacts green building perception. Irregularly distributed green buildings amplify the negative footprint illusion, making communities seem to have a lower carbon footprint than they do. This has urban planning implications.

Keywords:
Negative footprint illusionperceived numerosityspatial distribution

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental psychology
  • Urban planning
  • Sustainable architecture

Background:

  • Green buildings are crucial for climate change mitigation.
  • Understanding public perception of green building carbon footprints is important.
  • Spatial distribution of buildings may influence perception.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how the spatial distribution (regular vs. irregular) of green buildings affects community carbon footprint perception.
  • To examine the influence of distribution on the negative footprint illusion.

Main Methods:

  • Replication of the negative footprint illusion.
  • Comparison of carbon footprint perception for regularly versus irregularly distributed green buildings.

Main Results:

  • The negative footprint illusion was replicated.
  • Irregular distribution of green buildings significantly increased the magnitude of the negative footprint illusion.
  • People perceived communities with irregularly distributed green buildings as having a lower carbon footprint.

Conclusions:

  • The spatial arrangement of green buildings influences public perception of their environmental impact.
  • Irregular distribution can enhance the underestimation of a community's carbon footprint.
  • Findings offer insights for urban planning strategies to optimize the communication of green building benefits.