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Related Concept Videos

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

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Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
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The subclavian artery transitions into the axillary artery as it exits the chest and enters the axillary region. This artery is critical for supplying blood to the shoulder area, including the head of the humerus, through the humeral circumflex arteries. As the vessel continues into the upper arm or brachium, it becomes the brachial artery. This artery plays a key role in vascularizing the brachial region and bifurcates at the elbow into several branches. These branches include the deep...
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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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The plexuses of the lower body include the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal plexuses, which innervate the abdomen, pelvis, legs, and coccygeal region. These plexuses control the transmission of sensory information and coordinate motor functions of the lower body.
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Updated: Sep 22, 2025

Methods for In Vivo Biomechanical Testing on Brachial Plexus in Neonatal Piglets
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Brachial Plexus Birth Palsy: Practical Concepts for Radiologists.

Pedro González-Mantilla1, Angela Abril1, Maria Alejandra Bedoya2

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Brachial plexus birth palsy (BPBP) can cause lasting issues like muscle contractures and glenohumeral dysplasia (GHD). Early clinical and imaging evaluation is vital for managing BPBP and preventing severe complications.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric neurology
  • Radiology
  • Orthopedic surgery

Background:

  • Brachial plexus birth palsy (BPBP) results from nerve injury during birth.
  • While many infants recover, some develop permanent sequelae.
  • Untreated BPBP can lead to muscle contractures and glenohumeral dysplasia (GHD).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the anatomy and pathogenesis of BPBP.
  • To discuss imaging modalities for evaluating BPBP and GHD.
  • To emphasize timely diagnosis for optimal patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Review of anatomical structures of the brachial plexus.
  • Discussion of injury mechanisms in BPBP.
  • Description of various imaging techniques (e.g., MRI, ultrasound) for diagnosis.

Main Results:

  • BPBP classification depends on injury location (preganglionic vs. postganglionic).
  • Persistent deficits necessitate thorough clinical and radiologic assessment.
  • Imaging is key to characterizing sequelae like GHD.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate classification of BPBP is essential for treatment planning.
  • Early identification and characterization of sequelae using imaging are critical.
  • Multimodal imaging aids in managing BPBP and preventing long-term complications.