Dual-Sensing, Stretchable, Fatigue-Resistant, Adhesive, and Conductive Hydrogels Used as Flexible Sensors for Human...

Hydrogel-based sensors serve as an ideal platform for developing personalized wearable electronics due to their high flexibility and conformability. However, the weak stretchability and inferior conductivity of hydrogels have severely restricted their large-scale application. Herein, a natural polymer-based conductive hydrogel integrated with favorable mechanical properties, good adhesive performance, and excellent fatigue resistance was fabricated via interpenetrating tannic acid (TA) into a chitosan (CS) cross-linked network in an acidic aqueous solution. The hydrogel was composed of a regular hierarchical porous structure, which was built by the hydrogen bonding between TA and CS. In addition, the hydrogels exhibited adjustable mechanical properties (maximum yield stress of 7000 Pa) and good stretchability (strain up to 320%). Benefiting from the abundant catechol groups of TA, the proposed hydrogels could repeatedly adhere to various material surfaces and could be easily peeled off without residue. Moreover, the hydrogel exhibited stable conductivity, high stretching sensitivity (gauge factor of 2.956), rapid response time (930 ms), and excellent durability (>300 cycles), which can be assembled as a strain sensor to attach to the human body for precise monitoring of human exercise behavior, distinguishing physiological signals, and recognizing speech. Furthermore, the prepared hydrogels also exhibited stable sensing performance to temperature. As a result, the hydrogels exhibited dual sensory performance for both temperature and strain deformation. It is anticipated that the incorporation of strain sensors and thermal sensors will provide theoretical guidance for developing multifunctional conductive hydrogels and pave a way for the versatile application of hydrogel-based flexible sensors in wearable devices and soft actuators.