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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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In size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), also known as molecular-exclusion or gel-permeation chromatography, molecules are separated based on their sizes. This technique is important for separating large molecules such as polymers and biomolecules. The two classes of micron-sized stationary phases encountered in SEC are silica particles and cross-linked polymer resin beads. Both materials are porous, but their pore sizes vary significantly.
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The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
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Percolation of Phase-Separating Polymer Mixtures.

Di-Yao Hsu1, Che-Min Chou1, Ching-Yen Chuang1

  • 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, 10607, Taiwan.

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This study investigates polymer mixture phase separation, revealing how percolation thresholds change with quench depth due to Rayleigh instability. Experiments also show confinement effects on percolation lines, offering new insights into polymer dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Phase separation in polymer mixtures is crucial for material properties.
  • Percolation phenomena describe the formation of connected pathways in disordered systems.
  • Understanding percolation in polymer mixtures is essential for designing advanced materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To experimentally determine the percolation line in a binary phase-separating polymer mixture.
  • To investigate the influence of quench depth and confinement on percolation thresholds.
  • To explore the underlying mechanisms, such as Rayleigh instability and droplet spinodal decomposition.

Main Methods:

  • Conducting well-designed experiments to accurately map the percolation line on the phase diagram.
  • Utilizing varying quench depths to observe changes in percolation behavior.
  • Implementing selectively attractive walls to study confinement effects.

Main Results:

  • Percolation thresholds shift from the random percolation limit (Φ ∼ 0.15) near the spinodal point towards the geometric coalescence limit (Φ ∼ 0.36) with increased quench depth.
  • Rayleigh instability and associated fluctuations during spinodal decomposition at deeper quenches contribute to percolation difficulty.
  • Confinement between selectively attractive walls causes premature breakup of the percolating phase, significantly altering the percolation line.

Conclusions:

  • Experimental results provide accurate delineation of the percolation line in phase-separating polymer mixtures.
  • The study elucidates the role of quench depth and Rayleigh instability in modifying percolation behavior.
  • A novel confinement effect on percolation, not yet predicted by theory or simulation, has been observed.