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Related Concept Videos

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

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Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters01:20

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

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The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the...
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Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this...
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Fabricating Superhydrophobic Polymeric Materials for Biomedical Applications
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Step-Growth Polymerization Method for Ultrahigh Molecular Weight Polymers.

Liangcai Zhang1,2, Xiangzhu Ren1,2, Yuanxing Zhang1,2

  • 1Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.

ACS Macro Letters
|May 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel method for creating ultrahigh molecular weight (UHMW) polymers using a double-strain-promoted azide-alkyne click reaction. This efficient, catalyst-free approach yields polymers with excellent fluorescence, thermal, and mechanical properties.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Organic Synthesis
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Homogeneous step-growth polymerization presents challenges in achieving ultrahigh molecular weight (UHMW) polymers (>10^6 g/mol).
  • Developing efficient and versatile polymerization techniques for UHMW polymer synthesis is crucial for advanced material applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel homogeneous step-growth polymerization method for preparing various UHMW polymers.
  • To investigate the efficacy of a double-strain-promoted azide-alkyne click reaction (DSPAAC) for UHMW polymer synthesis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a double-strain-promoted azide-alkyne click reaction (DSPAAC) with a reactive intermediate as the polymerization mechanism.
  • Employed monomer pairs of sym-dibenzo-1,5-cyclooctadiene-3,7-diyne (DIBOD) and bis-azide compounds with 2,6-diisopropylphenyl azide terminals.
  • Conducted polymerization under stoichiometrically imbalanced conditions with a slight excess of DIBOD.

Main Results:

  • Successfully prepared various UHMW polymers with molecular weights exceeding 10^6 g/mol.
  • Achieved efficient polymerization under ambient conditions without the need for catalysts, owing to the click nature of the DSPAAC reaction.
  • The synthesized UHMW polymers exhibited strong fluorescence (peak at 423 nm), high glass transition temperature (up to 270 °C), and excellent mechanical properties (Young's modulus > 1 GPa).

Conclusions:

  • The developed DSPAAC-based homogeneous step-growth polymerization method is highly effective for producing UHMW polymers.
  • This catalyst-free, ambient condition polymerization offers a convenient and efficient route to advanced polymer materials with desirable properties.