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Related Concept Videos

The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

4.4K
The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Functions of Thyroid Hormones01:18

Functions of Thyroid Hormones

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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
TH is indispensable for the normal development and maturation of the skeletal, muscular, and nervous systems during fetal and childhood growth. It facilitates bone mineral turnover and regulates protein synthesis in developing tissues, contributing significantly to overall growth and...
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Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy01:30

Endoscopic Studies I: Bronchoscopy and Thoracoscopy

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Endoscopy is a non-surgical medical technique used to examine a person's internal organs and vessels. This lesson will focus on two types of endoscopic studies: bronchoscopy and thoracoscopy.
Bronchoscopy
Description
Bronchoscopy is a procedure that involves direct visualization of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes. A flexible fiber optic or rigid bronchoscope is used to carry out the procedure. The fiber-optic bronchoscope is more frequently used due...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 21, 2025

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
04:01

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

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Breast and Thyroid Surgery in 2021 and Beyond.

Fausto Fama'1

  • 1Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood "G. Barresi", University Hospital "G. Martino" of Messina, 98123 Messina, Italy.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|May 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary

The link between breast and thyroid diseases is known, but the exact genetic, environmental, hormonal, or immunological reasons remain unclear. Further research is needed to fully understand these complex interconnections.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Oncology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Existing literature indicates a correlation between breast and thyroid pathologies.
  • The precise etiological factors driving these co-occurrences are not fully elucidated.

Discussion:

  • Investigating shared genetic predispositions may reveal common pathways in breast and thyroid cancer development.
  • Environmental exposures and hormonal influences are critical factors to consider in the etiology of these associated diseases.
  • Immunological dysregulation could play a significant role in the pathogenesis of both breast and thyroid conditions.

Key Insights:

  • The co-occurrence of breast and thyroid pathologies suggests underlying shared mechanisms.
  • Understanding these mechanisms requires a multidisciplinary approach, integrating genetics, environmental science, endocrinology, and immunology.

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Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
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Transoral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Vestibular Approach for Thyroid Lobectomy
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  • Identifying common etiological factors can pave the way for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

    • Outlook:

    • Future research should focus on dissecting the specific genetic, environmental, hormonal, and immunological factors involved.
    • Longitudinal studies are essential to establish causality and identify at-risk populations.
    • Developing targeted interventions based on a comprehensive understanding of these associations holds promise for improving patient outcomes.