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Acute Kidney Injury and Hyponatremia in Ultra-Trail Racing: A Systematic Review
Miguel Lecina1, Carlos Castellar-Otín2, Isaac López-Laval3
1Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Zaragoza, 22002 Huesca, Spain.
Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)
|May 28, 2022
Summary
Ultra-trail races frequently cause acute kidney injury (AKI) and exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH). Extra-long and medium-distance races show similar incidences of both conditions occurring together, highlighting the need for early diagnosis and treatment.
Area of Science:
- Sports Medicine
- Nephrology
- Endocrinology
Background:
- Ultra-trail running poses risks for healthy athletes, including acute kidney injury (AKI) and exercise-associated hyponatremia (EAH).
- These conditions can occur independently or concurrently, influenced by race characteristics.
Purpose of the Study:
- To systematically review the incidence of AKI and EAH in ultra-trail races.
- To analyze how race length and elevation impact the occurrence of these syndromes, individually and together.
Main Methods:
- A systematic review of studies published between January 2006 and December 2021 was conducted.
- Four electronic databases were searched, and 28 studies meeting inclusion criteria were analyzed, categorizing races by length (medium, long, extra, multi-stage).
Main Results:
- The overall incidence of AKI was 42.04%, and EAH was 9.11%.
- The combined incidence of AKI and EAH was 11.84%.
- Extra-long (>100 km) and medium (42-69 km) races exhibited similar incidences of concurrent AKI and EAH.
Conclusions:
- Race duration and intensity are critical factors in the etiology of AKI and EAH.
- Underdiagnosis of EAH and AKI can lead to poorer outcomes; early detection and treatment are crucial.
- Participants, coaches, and organizers must implement strategies for improved diagnosis and management of these conditions in ultra-trail runners.
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