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Updated: Sep 21, 2025

Gain-compensation Methodology for a Sinusoidal Scan of a Galvanometer Mirror in Proportional-Integral-Differential Control Using Pre-emphasis Techniques
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Linear-Range Extension for Linear Variable Differential Transformer Using Hyperbolic Sine Function.

Apinai Rerkratn1, Jakkapun Tongcharoen1, Wandee Petchmaneelumka1

  • 1School of Engineering, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Ladkrabang, Bangkok 10520, Thailand.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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This study introduces a novel circuit technique to extend the measuring range of linear variable differential transformers (LVDTs). The method utilizes a hyperbolic sine function to compensate for LVDT nonlinearity, enhancing measurement capabilities without digital components.

Area of Science:

  • Electrical Engineering
  • Instrumentation and Measurement

Background:

  • Linear Variable Differential Transformers (LVDTs) exhibit nonlinear transfer characteristics, limiting their effective measuring range.
  • The cubic polynomial nonlinearity of LVDTs necessitates larger physical structures for wider ranges, increasing system scale and cost.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and validate a circuit technique for linearly extending the measuring range of LVDTs.
  • To overcome the inherent limitations of LVDT nonlinearity without resorting to digital signal processing.

Main Methods:

  • Implementation of a hyperbolic sine (sinh) function using a class AB bipolar amplifier, realized with current feedback operational amplifiers (CFOAs) and an operational transconductance amplifier (OTA).
  • The proposed circuit compensates for the cubic polynomial nonlinearity of the LVDT.
Keywords:
class AB bipolar amplifierhyperbolic sine functioninductive transducerlinear range extensionlinear variable differential transformer

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Main Results:

  • Achieved significant linear range extension of the LVDT up to its full stroke range.
  • Demonstrated a maximum error of 18.3 μm over a 6.2 mm range, corresponding to a 0.295% full-scale percentage error.
  • Validated the technique's effectiveness without modifying the LVDT structure and without using digital components.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed circuit technique effectively extends the measuring range of LVDTs by compensating for nonlinearity.
  • The technique offers a simple, compact, low-cost, and high-performance solution for enhancing LVDT measurement systems.