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Updated: Sep 21, 2025

Comparison of Kinetic Characteristics of Footwork during Stroke in Table Tennis: Cross-Step and Chasse Step
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Simple foot strike angle calculation from three-dimensional kinematics: A methodological comparison.

Stephanie R Moore1, Aaron Martinez1,2, Josef Kröll1

  • 1Department of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.

Journal of Sports Sciences
|May 31, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The HEEL-TOE method accurately estimates running foot strike angle (FSA) using simplified 3D kinematics. The HEEL-MET5 method, however, underestimates FSA, especially during early stance.

Keywords:
Foot strike patternmarker placementrunningstatistical parametric mapping

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Science
  • Kinesiology

Background:

  • Accurate foot strike angle (FSA) determination is crucial for running analysis and wearable sensor validation.
  • Simplified methods for collecting 3D kinematic data can enhance efficiency in research and clinical settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To validate two simplified methods (HEEL-TOE and HEEL-MET5) for estimating running foot strike angle (FSA) using 3D kinematics.
  • To compare the accuracy of these simplified methods against a reference foot segment measurement.

Main Methods:

  • Three-dimensional kinematic data were collected from runners.
  • Markers were placed on the heel and either the second metatarsal (HEEL-TOE) or fifth metatarsal (HEEL-MET5).
  • Foot strike angle (FSA) and foot angle throughout ground contact were calculated and compared to a reference method.

Main Results:

  • The HEEL-TOE method demonstrated high validity, showing minimal mean difference (0.28°), high correlation (r=0.994), and low bias (-0.20°±1.05°) compared to the reference.
  • The HEEL-MET5 method significantly underestimated FSA (mean difference=4.28°), with high correlation (r=0.968) but notable bias (-4.58°±2.61°).
  • The HEEL-MET5 method underestimated foot angle in the initial 23-34% of stance across all foot strike patterns.

Conclusions:

  • The HEEL-TOE method is a valid and simplified approach for determining running foot strike angle (FSA) from 3D kinematics.
  • Caution is advised when using the HEEL-MET5 method due to its tendency to underestimate FSA, likely caused by foot inversion during early stance.