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Microglia at the Crossroads of Pathogen-Induced Neuroinflammation
Ana María Rodríguez1, Julia Rodríguez1, Guillermo Hernán Giambartolomei1
1Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM). CONICET. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, 28196Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Abstract:
Microglia are the resident tissue macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). Recent findings point out that in the steady state the major role of microglia, is to instruct and regulate the correct function of the neuronal networks and different components of the neurovascular unit in the adult CNS, while providing immune surveillance. Paradoxically, during CNS infection immune activation of microglia generates an inflammatory milieu that contributes to the clearance of the pathogen but can, in the process, harm nearby cells of CNS. Most of the knowledge about the harmful effects of activated microglia on CNS has arisen from studies on neurodegenerative diseases. In this review we will focus on the beneficial role and detrimental functions of microglial cells on the neighboring cells of the CNS upon infection.
Insights
Microglia, the CNS immune cells, normally support neuronal function. Upon infection, their activation aids pathogen clearance but can paradoxically harm surrounding brain cells.
Area of Science:
- Neuroscience
- Immunology
- Cell Biology
Background:
- Microglia are the primary immune cells within the central nervous system (CNS).
- In a healthy CNS, microglia regulate neuronal networks and the neurovascular unit, performing immune surveillance.
- Microglial activation during CNS infection is crucial for pathogen clearance but can lead to bystander damage.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the dual role of microglial cells in the CNS during infection.
- To explore both the beneficial and detrimental functions of activated microglia on neighboring CNS cells.
Main Methods:
- This review synthesizes existing research on microglial function in the CNS.
- Focuses on studies examining microglial responses to CNS infection.
- Compares findings from neurodegenerative disease models with infection-related responses.
Main Results:
- Microglia play a critical role in maintaining CNS homeostasis and neuronal function in the steady state.
- Activated microglia contribute to pathogen clearance during CNS infections.
- However, the inflammatory environment created by activated microglia can cause collateral damage to CNS cells.
Conclusions:
- Microglia exhibit a dichotomous role in the CNS during infection, acting as both protectors and potential aggressors.
- Understanding these dual functions is crucial for developing targeted therapies for CNS infections and associated pathologies.
