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The genitourinary system is critical to maintaining fluid balance, waste elimination, and reproductive function. Nurses play a vital role in assessing this system, beginning with a thorough health history. This process involves gathering patient information, identifying risk factors, and recognizing symptoms of genitourinary disorders. Early detection is vital for timely interventions and management.1. Gathering Patient InformationA complete health history includes the patient’s personal,...
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Updated: Sep 21, 2025

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Multiple pathogens and prostate cancer.

James S Lawson1, Wendy K Glenn2

  • 1School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia. james.lawson@unsw.edu.au.

Infectious Agents and Cancer
|May 31, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Infection-induced chronic inflammation is a key factor in prostate cancer. Early action, including HPV vaccination and prompt treatment of urogenital infections, is recommended.

Keywords:
CausationHuman papilloma virusInfectionsPathogensProstate cancer

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Urology

Background:

  • Prostate cancer is a significant health concern.
  • The role of infectious pathogens in prostate cancer development is under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review evidence on the involvement of multiple pathogens in prostate cancer.
  • To assess the potential contribution of various infections to prostate cancer etiology.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of case-control studies comparing pathogens in prostate cancer tissues versus normal/benign tissues.
  • Inclusion of additional relevant published literature.

Main Results:

  • High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are confirmed as a probable cause of prostate cancer.
  • Escherichia coli, Cutibacterium acnes, Neisseria gonorrhoea, Herpes simplex virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and Mycoplasmas have possible but unproven roles.
  • Cytomegalovirus, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Polyomaviruses are considered unlikely contributors.

Conclusions:

  • Infection-induced chronic inflammation is the most influential factor in prostate cancer.
  • Proactive measures are crucial due to prostate cancer's high prevalence.
  • Recommendations include HPV vaccination for all genders, prompt antibiotic treatment for bacterial pathogens, antiviral therapy for herpes infections, and education on safe sexual practices.