Tailoring bismuth-based nanoparticles for enhanced radiosensitivity in cancer therapy

Area of Science:

• Nanotechnology and Materials Science
• Oncology and Radiotherapy
• Biomedical Engineering

Background:

• Complete response to cancer treatment remains a significant clinical challenge.
• Radiotherapy (RT) is a common cancer treatment, often requiring radiosensitizers.
• Bismuth-based nanoparticles (Bi-based NPs) are preclinical radiosensitizers with favorable properties like low toxicity and high X-ray absorption.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent advances in Bi-based nanoparticles tailored for enhanced radiosensitivity.
• To explore strategies for overcoming limitations of pure bismuth in RT, such as poor tumor targeting and systemic toxicity.
• To provide insights into the future clinical applications of Bi-based NPs in cancer therapy.

Main Methods:

• Overview of fabrication processes, focusing on surface modification of Bi-based NPs for targeted delivery.
• Discussion of incorporating other elements (e.g., Fe ions) for improved theranostic efficacy.
• Analysis of structure-activity relationships to optimize drug loading, X-ray attenuation, and clearance.

Main Results:

• Surface modification is crucial for tumor-targeted delivery and penetration of Bi-based NPs.
• Incorporation of elements like Fe ions enhances diagnostic accuracy and theranostic potential.
• Bi-based NPs demonstrate synergistic antitumor effects when combined with therapies like photothermal therapy (PTT) and high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU).

Conclusions:

• Tailored Bi-based NPs offer significant advantages over pure bismuth for improving radiosensitivity.
• Strategic modifications and combination therapies are key to maximizing efficacy and safety.
• This review guides future research and clinical translation of Bi-based NPs in cancer radiotherapy.