Related Experiment Video
Updated: Sep 21, 2025

Using Generative Art to Convey Past and Future Climate Transitions
Published on: March 31, 2023
Perspectives on the importance of complex systems in understanding our climate and climate change-The Nobel Prize in
Shraddha Gupta1, Nikolaos Mastrantonas2, Cristina Masoller3
1Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK)-Member of the Leibniz Association, Telegrafenberg A56, Potsdam 14473, Germany.
Abstract:
The Nobel Prize in Physics 2021 was awarded to Syukuro Manabe, Klaus Hasselmann, and Giorgio Parisi for their "groundbreaking contributions to our understanding of complex systems," including major advances in the understanding of our climate and climate change. In this Perspective article, we review their key contributions and discuss their relevance in relation to the present understanding of our climate. We conclude by outlining some promising research directions and open questions in climate science.
Related Concept Videos
What is Climate?
Global Climate Change
The Scope of Physics
Solving Problems in Physics
Thermodynamic Systems
Consider an example of tea boiling in a kettle. The...
Mechanisms of Heat Transfer
Conduction, accounting for approximately 3% of body heat loss at rest, is the process of exchanging heat between molecules of two materials in direct contact. This can result in both heat loss and gain. For instance, when the body is submerged in water, which conducts heat 20 times more effectively than air, it can either lose or gain significant...

