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Updated: Sep 21, 2025

A Simple and Efficient Protocol for the Catalytic Insertion Polymerization of Functional Norbornenes
Published on: February 27, 2017
Functionalized Rigid Ladder Polymers from Catalytic Arene-Norbornene Annulation Polymerization
Holden W H Lai1, Yew Chin Teo1, Yan Xia1
1Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States.
Abstract:
Rigid ladder polymers represent a unique polymer architecture but have limited synthetic accessibility and structural diversity. Using catalytic arene-norbornene annulation (CANAL) polymerization, we synthesized ladder polymers consisting of rigid and kinked norbornyl benzocyclobutene backbones and bearing various functional groups, such as alcohol, amine, ester, carbamate, amide, benzyl bromide, azide, and heterocycles. The incorporation of functional groups was achieved by either copolymerization of functionalized ladder-type dinorbornenes or postpolymerization functionalization. Functionalization of ladder polymers allows modification of their solubility, compatibility, and other properties, expanding their utilities. These ladder polymers remain microporous and highly glassy, which are desirable for separation and high-temperature applications.
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