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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Apoptotic Cell Membrane-Inspired Polymer for Immunosuppression.

Yasuhiro Nakagawa1,2, Atsuhiro Saitou3, Takao Aoyagi4

  • 1International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1, Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.

ACS Macro Letters
|June 2, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed novel polymers inspired by apoptotic cell membranes to combat inflammation. These phosphorylserine-containing polymers effectively protected macrophages from inflammatory damage, offering new therapeutic strategies.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Immunology
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Apoptotic cell death is crucial for homeostasis, eliminating cells without inflammation via phosphatidylserine externalization.
  • Current anti-inflammatory therapies often have limitations, necessitating novel approaches.
  • Mimicking natural cellular processes offers a promising avenue for developing new therapeutic agents.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and synthesize novel apoptotic cell membrane-inspired monomers and polymers.
  • To evaluate the anti-inflammatory potential of these novel polymers, specifically targeting macrophage activation.
  • To investigate the structure-activity relationship between polymer composition and anti-inflammatory efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Design and synthesis of phosphorylserine-containing monomers and polymers.
  • Preparation of statistical copolymers incorporating phosphorylcholine monomers.
  • In vitro assessment of polymer efficacy in protecting murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) from lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation.

Main Results:

  • Administration of apoptotic cell membrane-inspired phosphorylserine polymer demonstrated protection of macrophages from lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation.
  • Statistical copolymers incorporating phosphorylcholine, which more precisely mimic the apoptotic cell membrane, showed enhanced suppression of macrophage activation.
  • The study provides the first demonstration of an apoptotic cell membrane-inspired phosphorylserine polymer's anti-inflammatory effects.

Conclusions:

  • Apoptotic cell membrane-inspired polymers, particularly those with phosphorylserine and phosphorylcholine moieties, exhibit significant anti-inflammatory properties.
  • These findings highlight the potential of rationally designed polymeric materials for developing novel anti-inflammatory therapies.
  • The study offers new insights into leveraging biomimetic strategies for therapeutic applications in inflammatory diseases.