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Related Concept Videos

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity01:21

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

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Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...
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Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

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Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
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States of Water01:23

States of Water

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Water exists in any one of the three classical states: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (steam or water vapor). The state of water depends on i) the intermolecular forces that draw molecules together and ii) the kinetic energy that leads to movements that pull them apart.
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

13.3K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Updated: Sep 21, 2025

Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films
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Cooling Rate Dependent Ellipsometry Measurements to Determine the Dynamics of Thin Glassy Films

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Water and the Glass Transition Temperature in a Polyelectrolyte Complex.

Jingcheng Fu1, Rachel L Abbett1, Hadi M Fares1

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States.

ACS Macro Letters
|June 2, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hydrated polyelectrolyte complexes (H-PECs) show a transition near room temperature. Infrared spectroscopy reveals no significant changes in hydration or water structure at this transition, challenging previous theories.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Hydrated polyelectrolyte complexes (H-PECs) are highly solvated blends with mechanical transitions near room temperature.
  • The nature of this transition, specifically if it's a true glass transition, is debated.
  • Previous simulations suggested dehydration and altered water structure, but experimental evidence is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of water in the mechanical transition of H-PECs.
  • To determine if temperature-induced dehydration or water structure changes occur at the transition temperature (Tg).
  • To explore H-PECs as a model system for fundamental glass transition studies.

Main Methods:

  • In situ infrared (IR) spectroscopy was used to analyze thin films of H-PECs.
  • Spectroscopic analysis focused on hydration state, water content, and water structure.
  • The Fox equation was applied to estimate Tg for different ionic cross-linking conditions.

Main Results:

  • No definitive evidence of changes in functional group hydration, water content, or water structure was found across the transition temperature (Tg).
  • This finding holds true for both stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric H-PECs.
  • Salt doping, which disrupts ion pairing, was shown to modify chain coupling.

Conclusions:

  • The observed mechanical transition in H-PECs is unlikely due to significant dehydration or changes in water structure.
  • H-PECs provide a tunable platform for studying the glass transition by altering interchain coupling.
  • Further research can leverage H-PECs to understand fundamental aspects of polymer dynamics and phase transitions.